Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of female breasts?
What is the primary function of female breasts?
- Providing support to the rib cage
- Acting as a heat regulator for the body
- Serving as a storage area for fat
- Producing milk for nourishing the newborn (correct)
Where are Montgomery's glands located?
Where are Montgomery's glands located?
- Surrounding the areola of the nipple (correct)
- Along the lactiferous ducts
- Inside the lobules of the mammary gland
- At the base of the axillary tail of Spence
What structure connects the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland?
What structure connects the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland?
- Adipose tissue
- Lactiferous duct (correct)
- Montgomery's glands
- Cooper's ligaments
Which muscle lies underneath the breast tissue?
Which muscle lies underneath the breast tissue?
What extends from the primary breast tissue into the axilla?
What extends from the primary breast tissue into the axilla?
Which rib is the nipple located just below?
Which rib is the nipple located just below?
What type of tissue surrounds the breast and provides structure?
What type of tissue surrounds the breast and provides structure?
What is the role of Cooper's ligaments in the breast?
What is the role of Cooper's ligaments in the breast?
What is the average time it takes for full breast development from stage 2 to stage 5?
What is the average time it takes for full breast development from stage 2 to stage 5?
At what stage of breast development does menarche typically occur?
At what stage of breast development does menarche typically occur?
Which of the following changes occur to the breasts during pregnancy?
Which of the following changes occur to the breasts during pregnancy?
What is the first visible sign of breast development during puberty?
What is the first visible sign of breast development during puberty?
How does breast tissue change in older females post-menopause?
How does breast tissue change in older females post-menopause?
Which stage of Tanner staging indicates only a small elevated nipple is present?
Which stage of Tanner staging indicates only a small elevated nipple is present?
What physical change occurs to the breasts shortly before menstruation?
What physical change occurs to the breasts shortly before menstruation?
What is gynecomastia?
What is gynecomastia?
What occurs to the color of the areola after lactation?
What occurs to the color of the areola after lactation?
Which hormonal change is primarily responsible for the breast changes observed after menopause?
Which hormonal change is primarily responsible for the breast changes observed after menopause?
What is the purpose of Montgomery’s glands found in the areola?
What is the purpose of Montgomery’s glands found in the areola?
Which anatomical structure is primarily involved in storing milk in the breast?
Which anatomical structure is primarily involved in storing milk in the breast?
Which quadrant of the breast is associated with the highest incidence of breast tumors?
Which quadrant of the breast is associated with the highest incidence of breast tumors?
How does the lymphatic system contribute to cancer spread within the breast?
How does the lymphatic system contribute to cancer spread within the breast?
What primarily determines the variation in relative proportions of glandular, fibrous, and fatty tissue in the breast?
What primarily determines the variation in relative proportions of glandular, fibrous, and fatty tissue in the breast?
What marks the location of the axillary tail of Spence in the breast anatomy?
What marks the location of the axillary tail of Spence in the breast anatomy?
What developmental feature may occasionally persist from embryonic life and appear postnatally?
What developmental feature may occasionally persist from embryonic life and appear postnatally?
Which tissue type forms the bulk of the breast and varies in amount?
Which tissue type forms the bulk of the breast and varies in amount?
Which of the following is NOT a group of axillary lymph nodes associated with the breast?
Which of the following is NOT a group of axillary lymph nodes associated with the breast?
What causes the nipple to stiffen when stimulated?
What causes the nipple to stiffen when stimulated?
What is the initial stage of breast development that occurs at birth?
What is the initial stage of breast development that occurs at birth?
During puberty, which hormone is primarily responsible for breast enlargement?
During puberty, which hormone is primarily responsible for breast enlargement?
What is a common finding in adolescent breast development?
What is a common finding in adolescent breast development?
Which part of the breast is responsible for producing milk?
Which part of the breast is responsible for producing milk?
The breast tissue is attached to the chest wall by which structure?
The breast tissue is attached to the chest wall by which structure?
What is the lifetime risk for a female in Canada to develop breast cancer?
What is the lifetime risk for a female in Canada to develop breast cancer?
Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer?
Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer?
What can be a barrier to attending breast screening for some individuals?
What can be a barrier to attending breast screening for some individuals?
What is the five-year survival rate for breast cancer patients?
What is the five-year survival rate for breast cancer patients?
Which of the following is not an unmodifiable risk factor for breast cancer?
Which of the following is not an unmodifiable risk factor for breast cancer?
Which statement regarding breast cancer survival disparities is true?
Which statement regarding breast cancer survival disparities is true?
Which group of individuals may experience cultural barriers to breast cancer screening?
Which group of individuals may experience cultural barriers to breast cancer screening?
What is considered a possible risk factor for breast cancer?
What is considered a possible risk factor for breast cancer?
How can health practitioners help reduce disparities in breast cancer diagnosis?
How can health practitioners help reduce disparities in breast cancer diagnosis?
What is a possible consequence of food insecurity related to breast cancer risk?
What is a possible consequence of food insecurity related to breast cancer risk?
What is the primary purpose of breast screening programs?
What is the primary purpose of breast screening programs?
What factor is linked to a decline in breast cancer mortality rates?
What factor is linked to a decline in breast cancer mortality rates?
Which of the following risk factors is associated with high socioeconomic status?
Which of the following risk factors is associated with high socioeconomic status?
Which breast health history question can help identify causes of breast pain?
Which breast health history question can help identify causes of breast pain?
What should be done if a lump in the breast has been present for many years with no change?
What should be done if a lump in the breast has been present for many years with no change?
Which type of discharge from the nipple should always be investigated?
Which type of discharge from the nipple should always be investigated?
Paget’s disease typically starts with which symptom?
Paget’s disease typically starts with which symptom?
What does galactorrhea refer to?
What does galactorrhea refer to?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of breast cancer?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of breast cancer?
What should be done if a person has trauma to the breast resulting in a lump?
What should be done if a person has trauma to the breast resulting in a lump?
Which of the following factors is least likely to affect breast examination accuracy?
Which of the following factors is least likely to affect breast examination accuracy?
Which symptom might suggest a reaction to deodorant in the axillary region?
Which symptom might suggest a reaction to deodorant in the axillary region?
What is the role of breast self-examination (BSE) in breast health?
What is the role of breast self-examination (BSE) in breast health?
When might breast changes during pregnancy occur?
When might breast changes during pregnancy occur?
What factors might contribute to changes in breast contour during menopause?
What factors might contribute to changes in breast contour during menopause?
Which of the following conditions is linked with nipple discharge aside from hormonal changes?
Which of the following conditions is linked with nipple discharge aside from hormonal changes?
Which symptom does not typically indicate breast trauma?
Which symptom does not typically indicate breast trauma?
What is the purpose of breast health history in relation to hormone therapy?
What is the purpose of breast health history in relation to hormone therapy?
Which factor is NOT considered a personal or family history risk for breast cancer?
Which factor is NOT considered a personal or family history risk for breast cancer?
What is the recommended age range for women to undergo mammography screening every 2 to 3 years?
What is the recommended age range for women to undergo mammography screening every 2 to 3 years?
The Gail Model assesses individual breast cancer risk by considering which of the following factors?
The Gail Model assesses individual breast cancer risk by considering which of the following factors?
What percentage is the 5-year net survival rate for breast cancer across Canada?
What percentage is the 5-year net survival rate for breast cancer across Canada?
What role does shared decision making play in breast cancer screening?
What role does shared decision making play in breast cancer screening?
What is gynecomastia primarily caused by in males?
What is gynecomastia primarily caused by in males?
Which screening method is not routinely recommended for women at average risk of breast cancer?
Which screening method is not routinely recommended for women at average risk of breast cancer?
What might cause the Gail Model to underestimate breast cancer risk?
What might cause the Gail Model to underestimate breast cancer risk?
Which condition is NOT commonly associated with the development of gynecomastia?
Which condition is NOT commonly associated with the development of gynecomastia?
Why is the diagnosis of breast carcinoma in men often delayed?
Why is the diagnosis of breast carcinoma in men often delayed?
Which of the following is a key consideration when developing a breast cancer screening plan?
Which of the following is a key consideration when developing a breast cancer screening plan?
What is a significant and sometimes first warning sign of male breast cancer?
What is a significant and sometimes first warning sign of male breast cancer?
What type of cancer is the second major cause of death from cancer in females?
What type of cancer is the second major cause of death from cancer in females?
Which option describes the focus of current breast cancer screening recommendations?
Which option describes the focus of current breast cancer screening recommendations?
At what age range is the mean diagnosis of male breast cancer most commonly found?
At what age range is the mean diagnosis of male breast cancer most commonly found?
What should women do if they notice changes in their breasts?
What should women do if they notice changes in their breasts?
What is an essential aspect of risk assessment for breast cancer?
What is an essential aspect of risk assessment for breast cancer?
Why is the Canadian Cancer Society's advice for breast self-examination still relevant?
Why is the Canadian Cancer Society's advice for breast self-examination still relevant?
What does heat, redness, and swelling in non-lactating breasts typically indicate?
What does heat, redness, and swelling in non-lactating breasts typically indicate?
When examining for breast lumps, what characteristic should NOT be noted?
When examining for breast lumps, what characteristic should NOT be noted?
What is the appropriate action if spontaneous nipple discharge is observed?
What is the appropriate action if spontaneous nipple discharge is observed?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with a benign breast lump?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with a benign breast lump?
During the examination of the male breast, what normal finding should be expected?
During the examination of the male breast, what normal finding should be expected?
What is the primary factor in calculating a PAT score?
What is the primary factor in calculating a PAT score?
Which condition signifies early breast development in girls before the age of 8?
Which condition signifies early breast development in girls before the age of 8?
What indicates a recent nipple retraction that may signify acquired disease?
What indicates a recent nipple retraction that may signify acquired disease?
Which age group is recommended against routine mammography screening?
Which age group is recommended against routine mammography screening?
Which of the following describes a supernumerary nipple?
Which of the following describes a supernumerary nipple?
What is true about the recommendations for women aged 70 to 74 regarding mammography?
What is true about the recommendations for women aged 70 to 74 regarding mammography?
What should be observed in the skin over a breast lump during an examination?
What should be observed in the skin over a breast lump during an examination?
In the context of breast examinations, what does gynecomastia indicate?
In the context of breast examinations, what does gynecomastia indicate?
Which statement regarding MRI and other imaging methods is accurate?
Which statement regarding MRI and other imaging methods is accurate?
What should be observed when inspecting the axillary regions?
What should be observed when inspecting the axillary regions?
What abnormal finding is characterized as 'fixed' during a breast examination?
What abnormal finding is characterized as 'fixed' during a breast examination?
What is the recommended course of action for women who place a higher value on avoiding the harms of screening?
What is the recommended course of action for women who place a higher value on avoiding the harms of screening?
What does a pucker or dimpling observed during breast inspection suggest?
What does a pucker or dimpling observed during breast inspection suggest?
Why is there a separate score calculated for maternal and paternal family histories in the PAT assessment?
Why is there a separate score calculated for maternal and paternal family histories in the PAT assessment?
What is the recommended technique for palpating large, pendulous breasts?
What is the recommended technique for palpating large, pendulous breasts?
Which method is recommended for palpating a breast mass?
Which method is recommended for palpating a breast mass?
What might indicate enlargement of lymph nodes in the axilla?
What might indicate enlargement of lymph nodes in the axilla?
What has been determined about the practice of breast self-examinations?
What has been determined about the practice of breast self-examinations?
What does a 'tender' lump during breast palpation suggest?
What does a 'tender' lump during breast palpation suggest?
What is a common finding during palpation of breasts in nulliparous females?
What is a common finding during palpation of breasts in nulliparous females?
Which technique is advised for individuals to familiarize themselves with their breast tissue?
Which technique is advised for individuals to familiarize themselves with their breast tissue?
What is a common abnormal finding when inspecting the skin of the breasts?
What is a common abnormal finding when inspecting the skin of the breasts?
What does an increase in unilateral dilated superficial veins indicate?
What does an increase in unilateral dilated superficial veins indicate?
What symptom would necessitate urgent investigation during breast examination?
What symptom would necessitate urgent investigation during breast examination?
What may indicate the need for referral during a breast examination?
What may indicate the need for referral during a breast examination?
What does a lag in movement of one breast during positional changes suggest?
What does a lag in movement of one breast during positional changes suggest?
What is a crucial step during the breast examination process?
What is a crucial step during the breast examination process?
What condition might cause premenstrual engorgement of breast tissue?
What condition might cause premenstrual engorgement of breast tissue?
What should be considered when counseling a person about individual breast cancer risk?
What should be considered when counseling a person about individual breast cancer risk?
What is noted about the general appearance of the breasts during an examination?
What is noted about the general appearance of the breasts during an examination?
What is often noted in the presence of large, pendulous breasts when leaning forward?
What is often noted in the presence of large, pendulous breasts when leaning forward?
How should a breast lump feel after palpation in a breastfeeding female?
How should a breast lump feel after palpation in a breastfeeding female?
What is indicated when the skin of the breast shows pale linear striae?
What is indicated when the skin of the breast shows pale linear striae?
What is the purpose of shared decision making in breast cancer screening for women?
What is the purpose of shared decision making in breast cancer screening for women?
What is a critical action to take if a breast mass is detected?
What is a critical action to take if a breast mass is detected?
What breast changes are typically observed during pregnancy?
What breast changes are typically observed during pregnancy?
What happens to colostrum after a woman gives birth?
What happens to colostrum after a woman gives birth?
Which observation suggests a plugged duct in a lactating woman?
Which observation suggests a plugged duct in a lactating woman?
What is a common change in breast appearance in older females?
What is a common change in breast appearance in older females?
What breast health practice should be reinforced for females over 50?
What breast health practice should be reinforced for females over 50?
What is a typical symptom of nipple soreness in lactating women?
What is a typical symptom of nipple soreness in lactating women?
What does thickening of the inframammary ridge in older females suggest?
What does thickening of the inframammary ridge in older females suggest?
Which breast change is an indication that a woman may be pregnant?
Which breast change is an indication that a woman may be pregnant?
What breast examination method involves palpating the breast in a circular pattern?
What breast examination method involves palpating the breast in a circular pattern?
What common issue might women face during the first few days of breastfeeding?
What common issue might women face during the first few days of breastfeeding?
Which breast characteristic becomes more prominent in older females?
Which breast characteristic becomes more prominent in older females?
What is a potential sign that an older female should investigate further?
What is a potential sign that an older female should investigate further?
Which is a common result of frequent nursing in lactating women?
Which is a common result of frequent nursing in lactating women?
What might cause the Montgomery glands to become more prominent?
What might cause the Montgomery glands to become more prominent?
What is the most likely characteristic of the breast lump described in D.B.'s examination?
What is the most likely characteristic of the breast lump described in D.B.'s examination?
What psychological condition is likely affecting D.B. in response to her breast lump?
What psychological condition is likely affecting D.B. in response to her breast lump?
What finding would be indicative of lymphatic obstruction noted during the breast examination?
What finding would be indicative of lymphatic obstruction noted during the breast examination?
What might be a significant previous health factor in D.B.'s family history regarding breast health?
What might be a significant previous health factor in D.B.'s family history regarding breast health?
What is one reason why D.B. may not be taking hormone replacement therapy?
What is one reason why D.B. may not be taking hormone replacement therapy?
What distinguishes a benign breast lump from a malignant one during an examination?
What distinguishes a benign breast lump from a malignant one during an examination?
What symptom might indicate advanced breast cancer related to the observations made in D.B.'s examination?
What symptom might indicate advanced breast cancer related to the observations made in D.B.'s examination?
Which assessment technique can best evaluate the mobility of a breast lump?
Which assessment technique can best evaluate the mobility of a breast lump?
What does the presence of a tender lump in the breast suggest?
What does the presence of a tender lump in the breast suggest?
What lifestyle factor in D.B.'s history could contribute to her current breast health issues?
What lifestyle factor in D.B.'s history could contribute to her current breast health issues?
Which abnormal finding is a reliable indicator of breast cancer as seen in the case studies?
Which abnormal finding is a reliable indicator of breast cancer as seen in the case studies?
Why might the nurse practitioner have advised D.B. to have an immediate biopsy?
Why might the nurse practitioner have advised D.B. to have an immediate biopsy?
What is a key characteristic of a cancerous breast lump?
What is a key characteristic of a cancerous breast lump?
Which age group is most commonly affected by fibroadenomas?
Which age group is most commonly affected by fibroadenomas?
What symptom is most associated with Paget's Disease?
What symptom is most associated with Paget's Disease?
What characteristic differentiates a plugged duct from mastitis?
What characteristic differentiates a plugged duct from mastitis?
What is a common first sign of carcinoma when evaluating nipple discharge?
What is a common first sign of carcinoma when evaluating nipple discharge?
Which statement is true regarding the risk factors for benign breast disease?
Which statement is true regarding the risk factors for benign breast disease?
How is breast cancer characterized as it advances?
How is breast cancer characterized as it advances?
What treatment is typically necessary for a breast abscess?
What treatment is typically necessary for a breast abscess?
Which symptom is associated with mastitis?
Which symptom is associated with mastitis?
What feature makes intraductal papillomas distinct from other nipple discharges?
What feature makes intraductal papillomas distinct from other nipple discharges?
What is a common characteristic of benign breast lumps?
What is a common characteristic of benign breast lumps?
What symptom is least likely to be associated with nodularity in breasts?
What symptom is least likely to be associated with nodularity in breasts?
At what stage are breast lumps often first discovered?
At what stage are breast lumps often first discovered?
Which type of discharge often necessitates a biopsy to rule out cancer?
Which type of discharge often necessitates a biopsy to rule out cancer?
Flashcards
Breast Function
Breast Function
The primary function of female breasts is to produce milk for nourishing newborns.
Axillary Tail of Spence
Axillary Tail of Spence
The superior lateral corner of breast tissue that extends into the axilla.
Montgomery's Glands
Montgomery's Glands
Small bumps around the areola that secrete a lubricating substance for the nipple.
Lactiferous Ducts
Lactiferous Ducts
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Lactiferous Sinus
Lactiferous Sinus
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Lobules
Lobules
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Cooper's Ligaments
Cooper's Ligaments
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Pectoralis Major Muscle
Pectoralis Major Muscle
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Tanner Staging
Tanner Staging
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Thelarche
Thelarche
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Menarche
Menarche
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Puberty Events Timeline
Puberty Events Timeline
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Breast Changes During Menstrual Cycle
Breast Changes During Menstrual Cycle
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Breast Changes During Pregnancy
Breast Changes During Pregnancy
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Colostrum
Colostrum
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Lactation
Lactation
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Breast Changes in Older Females
Breast Changes in Older Females
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Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia
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Breast Cancer Screening in Canada
Breast Cancer Screening in Canada
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Factors Reducing Breast Cancer Mortality
Factors Reducing Breast Cancer Mortality
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Top Female Cancer
Top Female Cancer
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Unmodifiable Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Unmodifiable Breast Cancer Risk Factors
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Modifiable Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Modifiable Breast Cancer Risk Factors
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Breast Cancer Lifetime Risk
Breast Cancer Lifetime Risk
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Breast Cancer 5-Year Survival Rate
Breast Cancer 5-Year Survival Rate
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Socioeconomic Status and Breast Cancer
Socioeconomic Status and Breast Cancer
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Addressing Health Disparities
Addressing Health Disparities
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Language Barriers and Breast Cancer Screening
Language Barriers and Breast Cancer Screening
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Food Insecurity and Breast Cancer Risk
Food Insecurity and Breast Cancer Risk
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Subjective Breast History - Pain
Subjective Breast History - Pain
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Subjective Breast History - Lump
Subjective Breast History - Lump
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Breast Cultural Significance
Breast Cultural Significance
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Inclusive Language and Breast Health
Inclusive Language and Breast Health
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Discharge from the nipple
Discharge from the nipple
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Galactorrhea
Galactorrhea
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Bloody nipple discharge
Bloody nipple discharge
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Paget's disease
Paget's disease
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Breast swelling
Breast swelling
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Trauma to the breasts
Trauma to the breasts
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Dense breast tissue
Dense breast tissue
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Atypical hyperplasia
Atypical hyperplasia
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First-degree relative with breast cancer
First-degree relative with breast cancer
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Reproductive history
Reproductive history
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Breast surgery
Breast surgery
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Breast self-examination (BSE)
Breast self-examination (BSE)
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Axillary tenderness
Axillary tenderness
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Axillary lump
Axillary lump
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Breastfeeding/chestfeeding
Breastfeeding/chestfeeding
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What is the areola?
What is the areola?
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What are Montgomery's glands?
What are Montgomery's glands?
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What are Cooper's ligaments?
What are Cooper's ligaments?
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What's the significance of breast quadrants?
What's the significance of breast quadrants?
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What is the axillary tail of Spence?
What is the axillary tail of Spence?
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Where does the breast's lymphatic drainage mostly go?
Where does the breast's lymphatic drainage mostly go?
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What are the four main groups of axillary nodes?
What are the four main groups of axillary nodes?
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What are milk lines?
What are milk lines?
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What's a supernumerary nipple?
What's a supernumerary nipple?
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What happens to breast development at birth?
What happens to breast development at birth?
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What are the main breast changes during adolescence?
What are the main breast changes during adolescence?
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What is the main function of glandular tissue in the breast?
What is the main function of glandular tissue in the breast?
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How does the breast change during pregnancy and lactation?
How does the breast change during pregnancy and lactation?
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How do the suspensory ligaments affect breast appearance?
How do the suspensory ligaments affect breast appearance?
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What is the role of adipose tissue in the breast?
What is the role of adipose tissue in the breast?
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Hormone Therapy and Menopause
Hormone Therapy and Menopause
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Breast Cancer Risk Assessment
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment
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Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations
Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations
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Increased Risk for Breast Cancer
Increased Risk for Breast Cancer
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Gail Model
Gail Model
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Pedigree Assessment Tool (PAT)
Pedigree Assessment Tool (PAT)
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Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tools
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tools
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5-Year Net Survival for Breast Cancer
5-Year Net Survival for Breast Cancer
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Breast Cancer: Second Major Cause of Death in Females
Breast Cancer: Second Major Cause of Death in Females
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Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening
Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening
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Shared Decision Making for Breast Cancer Screening
Shared Decision Making for Breast Cancer Screening
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Breast Cancer Screening: A Collaborative Approach
Breast Cancer Screening: A Collaborative Approach
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Promoting Health: Breast Cancer
Promoting Health: Breast Cancer
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Breast Health History
Breast Health History
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PAT Score
PAT Score
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Bilateral Disease
Bilateral Disease
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Maternal vs. Paternal Lineage
Maternal vs. Paternal Lineage
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Mammography
Mammography
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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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Breast Self-Examination
Breast Self-Examination
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Clinical Breast Examination
Clinical Breast Examination
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Recommendations for Average Risk
Recommendations for Average Risk
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Higher Risk Factors
Higher Risk Factors
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Shared Decision Making
Shared Decision Making
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Breast Cancer Screening Tools
Breast Cancer Screening Tools
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Peau d'Orange
Peau d'Orange
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Objective Data
Objective Data
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Preparation for Breast Exam
Preparation for Breast Exam
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Causes of Gynecomastia
Causes of Gynecomastia
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Male Breast Cancer
Male Breast Cancer
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Signs of Male Breast Cancer
Signs of Male Breast Cancer
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Why Early Detection is Crucial in Male Breast Cancer
Why Early Detection is Crucial in Male Breast Cancer
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Nipple Retraction
Nipple Retraction
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Supernumerary Nipple
Supernumerary Nipple
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Skin Retraction
Skin Retraction
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Palpable Lymph Nodes
Palpable Lymph Nodes
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Inframammary Ridge
Inframammary Ridge
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Breast Changes in Pregnancy
Breast Changes in Pregnancy
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Premenstrual Engorgement
Premenstrual Engorgement
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Vertical Strip Pattern
Vertical Strip Pattern
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Tail of Spence
Tail of Spence
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Breast Engorgement
Breast Engorgement
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Nipple Soreness
Nipple Soreness
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Plugged Duct
Plugged Duct
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Breast Examination Techniques
Breast Examination Techniques
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Abnormal Breast Findings
Abnormal Breast Findings
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Breast Examination Importance
Breast Examination Importance
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Vertical Strip Pattern
Vertical Strip Pattern
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Breasts
Breasts
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Spokes-on-a-Wheel Pattern
Spokes-on-a-Wheel Pattern
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Concentric Circles Pattern
Concentric Circles Pattern
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Breast Inflammation Signs
Breast Inflammation Signs
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Nipple Inspection
Nipple Inspection
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Abnormal Nipple Discharge
Abnormal Nipple Discharge
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Breast Lump Characteristics
Breast Lump Characteristics
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Male Breast Examination
Male Breast Examination
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Neonatal Breast Enlargement
Neonatal Breast Enlargement
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Prepubertal Nipple Position
Prepubertal Nipple Position
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Premature Thelarche
Premature Thelarche
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Precocious Breast Development
Precocious Breast Development
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Delayed Breast Development
Delayed Breast Development
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Breast Changes in Adolescents
Breast Changes in Adolescents
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Breast Masses in Older Females
Breast Masses in Older Females
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What is Peau d'Orange?
What is Peau d'Orange?
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What can a dimple in the breast indicate?
What can a dimple in the breast indicate?
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What is a retracted nipple?
What is a retracted nipple?
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What is fibrocystic breast disease?
What is fibrocystic breast disease?
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What are the key features of a benign breast lump?
What are the key features of a benign breast lump?
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What distinguishes a malignant breast mass?
What distinguishes a malignant breast mass?
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What is a positive sign of breast cancer?
What is a positive sign of breast cancer?
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What is situational stress?
What is situational stress?
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What is a major risk factor for breast cancer?
What is a major risk factor for breast cancer?
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How can alcohol use impact breast cancer risk?
How can alcohol use impact breast cancer risk?
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What is BRCA1/BRCA2 status?
What is BRCA1/BRCA2 status?
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What are the signs of menopause?
What are the signs of menopause?
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What is a breast biopsy?
What is a breast biopsy?
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What is a mammogram?
What is a mammogram?
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Nodularity
Nodularity
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Fibroadenoma
Fibroadenoma
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Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer
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Mammary Duct Ectasia
Mammary Duct Ectasia
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Intraductal Papilloma
Intraductal Papilloma
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Mastitis
Mastitis
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Breast Abscess
Breast Abscess
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Breast Lump
Breast Lump
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Nipple Discharge
Nipple Discharge
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Axillary Lymphadenopathy
Axillary Lymphadenopathy
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Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
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Early Detection
Early Detection
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Study Notes
Breast Health Assessment
- Breast health assessment is crucial for health promotion and disease prevention, particularly for breast cancer.
- Keeping up-to-date with current recommendations supports proactive health care.
Structure and Function of the Breasts
- Mammary glands are present in both sexes, though rudimentary in males.
- Female breasts are accessory reproductive organs that produce milk for newborns.
External Anatomy
- Breasts lie anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.
- Positioned between the 2nd and 6th ribs, extending from the sternum to the midaxillary line.
- Axillary tail of Spence: Superior lateral extension of breast tissue into the axilla.
- Nipple: Small projection in the 4th rib, surrounded by the areola.
- Areola: Circular area surrounding the nipple, containing Montgomery's glands (small elevated sebaceous glands that secrete lipid during lactation).
Internal Anatomy
- Composed of glandular, fibrous (including Cooper's ligaments), and adipose tissues.
- Glandular tissue: 15-20 lobes radiating from nipple, with lobules containing milk-producing alveoli.
- Lactiferous ducts: Drain lobes into a collecting system that converges at the nipple, forming lactiferous sinuses (milk reservoirs).
- Cooper's ligaments: Suspensory ligaments supporting breast tissue; contract in cancer, causing skin dimples.
- Adipose tissue: Forms much of the breast bulk, varying with age, cycle, pregnancy, lactation, and nutrition.
- Four quadrants: Helpful for describing clinical findings; upper outer quadrant commonly site of breast tumors.
Lymphatic System
- Extensive lymphatic drainage: Over 75% drain into ipsilateral axillary nodes.
- Four groups of axillary nodes: central, pectoral, subscapular, lateral.
- Lymph flows from central axillary nodes to infraclavicular and supraclavicular nodes, and some directly to infraclavicular nodes or areas outside the axilla, such as the abdomen, or sometimes to the opposite breast.
Developmental Considerations
- Milk lines: Ventral epidermal ridges during embryonic life that curve from axilla to groin.
- Breast development: Occurs along milk line with atrophy of rest; supernumerary nipples possible.
- Birth: Only lactiferous ducts present.
- Puberty: Estrogen stimulates breast enlargement (fat deposition), duct development, and alveolus formation.
- Adolescent asymmetry: Temporary breast growth differences are normal; reassurance required.
- Tanner stages: Five stages describe breast development from preadolescence to mature adult breast.
Breast Changes Throughout Life
- Pregnant women: Breast enlargement; nodularity; darker nipples and areolae; colostrum production (precursor to milk); milk production begins postpartum.
- Older females: Decreased estrogen and progesterone lead to glandular atrophy, fibrous tissue increase and fat atrophy, leading to breast size decrease and droop.
Male Breast
- Thin disc of undeveloped tissue beneath the nipple; areola well-developed.
- Gynecomastia: Temporary breast enlargement in males; may reappear with age or due to hormonal changes. Note: Temporary and common during puberty; must be differentiated from potential masses or other issues.
Social Determinants of Health
- Breast cancer screening is crucial, leading to early diagnosis and high survival rates - > 80% are diagnosed at Stage I or II.
- Social determinants (access to healthcare, racism, and economic factors) exacerbate survival disparities.
- Cultural factors, literacy, and language barriers, impacting screening participation in some communities, must be addressed.
- Food insecurity is a risk factor; limited access to nutrient-rich diets can increase breast cancer risk via elevated fat diets and obesity.
Assessment of Breast Health (Subjective Data)
- Detailed questionnaires covering pain, lumps, discharge, rashes, swelling, trauma, history of breast disease/cancer risk factors, past surgeries, self-care, mammography, hormone therapy use.
- This assessment includes both general and specific questions regarding lumps, any tenderness, pain, rashes in the breast tissue, or history of trauma, surgeries, or self-care behaviours.
Assessment of Breast Health (Objective Data)
- Physical inspection and palpation techniques (symmetrical size/shape; skin texture/lesions/vascular patterns; nipple characteristics).
- Examination of axillary lymph nodes.
- Assessment includes movement of arms, skin inspection, any visible dimpling, nipples positions (everted, inverted, retracted), and palpating for lumps or masses, tenderness, or other abnormalities.
- Palpation patterns are provided (vertical strip, spokes-on-a-wheel, concentric circles).
Critical Findings and Abnormal Findings
- Unexplained discharge/bleeding, open/ulcerated lesions, and breast masses, requiring urgent referral.
- Specific patterns of skin retraction, edema, nipple deviation, and fixation, indicating potential abnormality.
- Supernumerary nipples are normal variations.
Breast Cancer Screening and Risk Assessment
- Screening guidelines from Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC): Recommended mammography intervals and eligibility criteria for different age groups and risk factors. Non-screening guidelines provided.
- Risk assessment tools like the Gail Model and PAT: Assess breast cancer risk by considering age, family history, reproductive history, and other factors; these should be considered in the context of a larger assessment.
Documentation
- Sample charting formats: Illustrates subjective and objective data collection for cisgender females and males.
- Includes symptoms, patient concerns, medical history, vital signs, inspection & palpation findings.
Clinical Case Studies
- Examples demonstrating subjective and objective data collection in specific patient scenarios: Provides use case examples related to specific patient issues (various ages and sex).
Tables (Included in notes but not as tables)
- Provides detailed information about risk factors, signs, and conditions relevant to the context of breast health.
Summary
- These notes outline the comprehensive assessment of breast health, emphasizing both subjective and objective data, risk factors, screening guidelines, and developmental considerations. This ensures holistic health management.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the anatomy of female breasts with this quiz. Explore the structures, functions, and surrounding tissues that play a vital role in breast health. Ideal for students in anatomy or medical courses.
