Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
- Vitamin D status
- Increased stomach acid (correct)
- Age
- Intestinal transit time
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium for females aged 19 to 50 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium for females aged 19 to 50 years?
- 1100 mg/day
- 1200 mg/day
- 1000 mg/day (correct)
- 800 mg/day
Which of the following food sources has the highest bioavailability of calcium?
Which of the following food sources has the highest bioavailability of calcium?
- Dairy products (correct)
- Beans
- Supplements
- Spinach
What is the effect of sodium intake on urinary calcium excretion?
What is the effect of sodium intake on urinary calcium excretion?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the effect of calcium intake on non-heme iron absorption?
What is the effect of calcium intake on non-heme iron absorption?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
What is the main function of osteoclasts?
What is the main function of osteoclasts?
What is the bioavailability of a nutrient?
What is the bioavailability of a nutrient?
What is the main component of the bone matrix?
What is the main component of the bone matrix?
What is the primary source of calcium in the body?
What is the primary source of calcium in the body?
What are provitamins?
What are provitamins?
Which hormone stimulates bone resorption (dissolving of bone)?
Which hormone stimulates bone resorption (dissolving of bone)?
At what age does peak bone mass development occur?
At what age does peak bone mass development occur?
What is the purpose of bone modeling (remodeling)?
What is the purpose of bone modeling (remodeling)?
What is the most common intracellular messenger involved in various functions such as muscle contraction and glucose breakdown?
What is the most common intracellular messenger involved in various functions such as muscle contraction and glucose breakdown?
What is the main role of calcium in the body?
What is the main role of calcium in the body?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?
What is the range of age when peak bone mass (PBM) is achieved?
What is the range of age when peak bone mass (PBM) is achieved?
What is the most efficient absorption rate for calcium supplements?
What is the most efficient absorption rate for calcium supplements?
Where is the majority of phosphorus (P) found in the body?
Where is the majority of phosphorus (P) found in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a food source of phosphorus?
Which of the following is NOT a food source of phosphorus?
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for phosphorus for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for phosphorus for individuals aged 9-18 years?
Which of the following is a symptom of hypophosphatemia?
Which of the following is a symptom of hypophosphatemia?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for phosphorus for people aged 9-70 years?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for phosphorus for people aged 9-70 years?
What is the function of magnesium in the body?
What is the function of magnesium in the body?
What are the food sources of magnesium?
What are the food sources of magnesium?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium for males aged 19-30 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium for males aged 19-30 years?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
What is the main component of the bone matrix?
What is the main component of the bone matrix?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
What are provitamins?
What are provitamins?
What is the main role of calcium in the body?
What is the main role of calcium in the body?
What is the bioavailability of a nutrient?
What is the bioavailability of a nutrient?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for calcium for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for calcium for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the bioavailability of calcium supplements?
What is the bioavailability of calcium supplements?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium for females aged 51+ years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium for females aged 51+ years?
Which of the following is a symptom of hyperphosphatemia?
Which of the following is a symptom of hyperphosphatemia?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for magnesium for people aged 9-70 years?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for magnesium for people aged 9-70 years?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of phosphorus for males aged 9-13 years?
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of phosphorus for males aged 9-13 years?
What is the most abundant divalent cation in cells?
What is the most abundant divalent cation in cells?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the main role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the main role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the body?
What is the main function of growth factors in bone cell action?
What is the main function of growth factors in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the effect of sodium intake on urinary calcium excretion?
What is the effect of sodium intake on urinary calcium excretion?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium for males aged 19-30 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium for males aged 19-30 years?
What is the most efficient absorption rate for calcium supplements?
What is the most efficient absorption rate for calcium supplements?
Which of the following factors can increase urinary calcium excretion?
Which of the following factors can increase urinary calcium excretion?
What is the bioavailability of calcium from supplements?
What is the bioavailability of calcium from supplements?
Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of calcium absorption?
Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of calcium absorption?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
What is the main role of calcium in the body?
What is the main role of calcium in the body?
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the body?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone cell action?
What is the main function of vitamin D in the body?
What is the main function of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the body?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium for females aged 19 to 50 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium for females aged 19 to 50 years?
Which of the following is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
Which of the following is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in the body?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for phosphorus for people aged 9-70 years?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for phosphorus for people aged 9-70 years?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
What is the main role of calcium in the body?
What is the main role of calcium in the body?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the most common intracellular messenger involved in various functions such as muscle contraction and glucose breakdown?
What is the most common intracellular messenger involved in various functions such as muscle contraction and glucose breakdown?
Which hormone stimulates bone resorption (dissolving of bone)?
Which hormone stimulates bone resorption (dissolving of bone)?
During which phase of bone development does bone resorption exceed bone formation?
During which phase of bone development does bone resorption exceed bone formation?
What is the primary role of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary role of calcitonin in the body?
What is the main function of osteoblasts?
What is the main function of osteoblasts?
What is the primary function of growth factors in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of growth factors in bone cell action?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What are provitamins?
What are provitamins?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of phosphorus for females aged 14-18 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of phosphorus for females aged 14-18 years?
What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypophosphatemia?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypophosphatemia?
What is the primary role of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary role of fluoride in the body?
Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of calcium absorption?
Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of calcium absorption?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone cell action?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the bioavailability of magnesium from food sources?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of phosphorus for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of phosphorus for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary source of vitamin D in the body?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
What is the bioavailability of calcium from dairy products?
What is the bioavailability of calcium from dairy products?
Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of calcium absorption?
Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of calcium absorption?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium for males aged 19 to 70 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of calcium for males aged 19 to 70 years?
What is the most efficient absorption rate for calcium supplements?
What is the most efficient absorption rate for calcium supplements?
Which of the following factors can increase urinary calcium excretion?
Which of the following factors can increase urinary calcium excretion?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
What is the main function of vitamin D in the body?
What is the main function of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
What is the primary function of growth factors in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of growth factors in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary location of calcium absorption in the digestive system?
Which hormone stimulates bone resorption (dissolving of bone)?
Which hormone stimulates bone resorption (dissolving of bone)?
At what age does peak bone mass development occur?
At what age does peak bone mass development occur?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the main role of vitamin D in the body?
What is the main role of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the relationship between low milk intake in childhood and hip fractures in post-menopausal women?
What is the relationship between low milk intake in childhood and hip fractures in post-menopausal women?
What is the most efficient absorption of calcium supplements?
What is the most efficient absorption of calcium supplements?
What is the recommended daily intake of phosphorus for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the recommended daily intake of phosphorus for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the primary location of phosphorus in the body?
What is the primary location of phosphorus in the body?
Which of the following is a symptom of hypophosphatemia?
Which of the following is a symptom of hypophosphatemia?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium for males aged 19-30 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium for males aged 19-30 years?
What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for phosphorus for people aged 9-70 years?
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for phosphorus for people aged 9-70 years?
What is the bioavailability of calcium from supplements?
What is the bioavailability of calcium from supplements?
Which hormone stimulates bone resorption (dissolving of bone)?
Which hormone stimulates bone resorption (dissolving of bone)?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
What is the main function of osteoclasts?
What is the main function of osteoclasts?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary role of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary role of fluoride in the body?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
Which of the following factors can impair calcium absorption?
Which of the following is NOT a source of calcium in the diet?
Which of the following is NOT a source of calcium in the diet?
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of calcium for males aged 19 to 70 years?
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of calcium for males aged 19 to 70 years?
Which of the following is a concern of hypercalcemia at high calcium intakes?
Which of the following is a concern of hypercalcemia at high calcium intakes?
Which of the following factors can increase urinary calcium excretion?
Which of the following factors can increase urinary calcium excretion?
What is the bioavailability of calcium from dairy products?
What is the bioavailability of calcium from dairy products?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
What is the primary function of growth factors in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of growth factors in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the primary role of PTH (parathyroid hormone) in the body?
What is the main function of vitamin D in the body?
What is the main function of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
What is the effect of protein intake on renal calcium excretion?
Which of the following is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
Which of the following is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium for males aged 19-30 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium for males aged 19-30 years?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of phosphorus for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of phosphorus for individuals aged 9-18 years?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone cell action?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
Which type of bone is primarily non-living material?
What is the main component of the bone matrix?
What is the main component of the bone matrix?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone cell action?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in the body?
What is the primary role of vitamin D in the body?
What is the bioavailability of a nutrient?
What is the bioavailability of a nutrient?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids in bone cell action?
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Study Notes
Bone Building Nutrients
- Factors affecting bioavailability of nutrients include digestive efficiency, nutritional status, concurrent intake of inhibitors/promoters, food preparation methods, and nutrient source.
- Bones are made up of trabecular bone (spongy) and cortical bone (compact), with the majority being non-living material.
- The matrix of bones consists of collagen and other proteins, with a mineral coating that includes calcium, phosphate, carbonate, and other ions.
- There are four main types of bone cells: lining cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.
- Bone cell action is controlled by hormones, including parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, glucocorticoids, growth factors, and calcitonin.
- Bone development occurs from birth to approximately age 20, with peak bone mass development between 12 and 30.
- Bone modeling and remodeling involve the continual resorption and replacement of bone, controlled by parathyroid hormone.
- Functions of bone include providing mechanical rigidity, protecting organs, permitting ambulation, acting as a homeostatic buffer, and serving as a storage form.
- Calcium is a key nutrient for bone formation and is mostly found in bones and teeth as hydroxyapatite or fluoroapatite.
- Blood calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
- Calcium absorption occurs through active transfer and passive diffusion, with factors such as vitamin D status, intestinal transit time, and age influencing absorption.
- Calcium is lost through urine, feces, sweat, skin sloughing, hair, and nails, with a total daily loss of approximately 60 mg.
- Good dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, plant-based alternatives, dried seaweed, almonds, spinach, and calcium-fortified foods.
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