Bone Markings Anatomy Flashcards

Bone Markings

• Tuberosity: Rough elevated surface for ligament or tendon attachment.
• Tubercle: Small rounded projection on a bone.
• Crest: Narrow, prominent ridge of bone.
• Trochanter: Very large, blunt, irregular process found on the femur.
• Condyle: Rounded articular projection at a joint.
• Line: Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest, indicating growth plate closure.
• Epicondyle: Raised area located on or above a condyle.
• Spine: Sharp, slender, pointed projection from a bone.
• Process: Any prominent projection on a bone.

Additional Bone Markings

• Head: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
• Facet: Smooth, nearly flat surface for articulation.
• Ramus: Armlike bar or extension of bone.
• Groove: Furrow or indentation in bone.
• Fissure: Irregular elongated hole in a bone.
• Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone for vessels and nerves.
• Meatus: Canal-like passage within a bone.
• Canal: A tube-like opening.
• Fossa: Shallow, basin-like depression serving as an articular surface.

Bone Tissue and Structure

• Bone Markings: Sites for muscle, ligament, tendon attachments, joint surfaces, and conduits for blood vessels and nerves.
• Types of Tissue in Bone: Includes osseous, nervous, cartilage, fibrous connective, muscle, and epithelial (found in blood vessels).
• Types of Bone:
  • Compact Bone: Dense, rigid outer layer made up of osteons.
  • Spongy Bone: Porous inner structure with small trabeculae and numerous open spaces.
• Bone Classifications:
  • Long Bones: Longer than wide, primarily compact (e.g. humerus, femur).
  • Short Bones: Cube-shaped, more spongy (e.g. carpals).
  • Flat Bones: Thin and slightly curved (e.g. sternum, scapula).
  • Irregular Bones: Miscellaneous shapes (e.g. vertebrae).

Cartilage

• Contains no blood vessels or nerves.
• Hyaline Cartilage: Provides support with flexibility; found at the ends of bones and respiratory structures.
• Elastic Cartilage: Very flexible; found in the ear and epiglottis.
• Fibrocartilage: Highly compressible and offers great tensile strength; found in knee menisci and intervertebral discs.

Miscellaneous Bone Information

• Perichondrium: Dense connective tissue membrane covering cartilage, delivering nutrients.
• Number of Bones in Adult Body: 206 total, including 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.
• Skeletal Classification:
  • Axial Skeleton: 80 bones (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage).
  • Appendicular Skeleton: 126 bones (limbs and girdles).
• Sutures of the Skull: Include coronal, sagittal, lamboid, and squamous, which are membranous joints facilitating skull mold during birth.

Skull Bones Overview

• Key bones include frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid, and ethmoid.
• Coronal Suture: Where frontal and parietal bones meet.
• Squamous Suture: Between temporal and parietal bones.
• Lamboid Suture: Between occipital and parietal bones.
• Sagittal Suture: Between the two parietal bones.

Specialized Features of Skull Bones

• Mandible: Lower jawbone, contains features like the mandibular condyle and ramus.
• Maxilla: Upper jaw, holds the alveolar margin for teeth.
• Nasal Bone: Forms the bridge of the nose.
• Lacrimal Bone: Contains the lacrimal fossa, involved in tear drainage.

Vertebral Column Overview

• Atlas (C1): Unique structure with no body or spinous process.
• Axis (C2): Features a prominent dens.
• Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7): Distinguished by transverse foramina and bifid spinous processes.
• Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12): Have demifacets for rib articulation.
• Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5): Characterized by a large body, resembling a moose.

Vertebra Structure

• Vertebral Foramen: Central hole for spinal cord.
• Spinous Process: Projection at the back of the vertebra.
• Transverse Process: Lateral projections for muscle attachment.
• Superior Articular Process and Facet: Allow for articulation with adjacent vertebrae.
• Intervertebral Foramen: Openings for nerves exiting the spinal column.