Eye Tracking Technology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of infrared light in eye tracking?

  • To provide comfort for the participant's eyes
  • To measure the size of the pupil directly
  • To reflect off the cornea for software identification (correct)
  • To illuminate the entire environment for better visibility

What does a higher sampling rate in an eye tracker indicate?

  • The maximum distance from which data can be gathered
  • The ability to track eye movements more accurately (correct)
  • The ability to stabilize the participant's head more effectively
  • The ability to record higher resolution images

Which of the following factors may interfere with the effectiveness of an eye tracker?

  • Participant's eye color
  • Presence of strong prescription in eyeglasses (correct)
  • Use of high-quality eyeglasses
  • A well-lit environment

What is necessary for achieving accurate eye tracking data?

<p>Calibration of the device prior to use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between accuracy and precision in eye tracking data?

<p>Accuracy relates to actual position; precision relates to measurement consistency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor might decrease precision in eye tracking when using wearable eye tracking glasses?

<p>Unstable head positioning due to mobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would a one-eyed tracking setup be preferable?

<p>When only one eye is functional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which manufacturer is noted for producing eye-tracking devices?

<p>Tobii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines monocular visual fields?

<p>The area viewed by one eye located toward the periphery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During eye movements called saccades, what happens to visual input?

<p>It is temporarily suppressed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a fixation?

<p>A period when the eye is fixed on a visual target (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a typical reading saccade?

<p>It rotates about 2 degrees and lasts about 30 milliseconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of eye tracking technology?

<p>To determine the direction of gaze over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the fovea's role in vision?

<p>It limits high-acuity vision to a small portion of the visual field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically follows a saccade in eye movement?

<p>A fixation on a visual target (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what manner do fixations progress during reading in English?

<p>From left to right (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate when two points of a caliper feel like one point?

<p>The receptive field is large. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does tactile feedback have on holding a glass of water in cold conditions?

<p>Increases the force applied to hold the glass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the process of light refraction first initiated in the eye?

<p>The cornea. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the eye is responsible for high visual acuity?

<p>The fovea. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about rods and cones is true?

<p>Rods are more sensitive to light than cones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens where the optic nerve exits the eye?

<p>There are no photoreceptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the lens perform in the eye?

<p>It can change shape to focus images. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual condition do cones primarily facilitate?

<p>Color vision. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanoreceptor is primarily responsible for perceiving vibration and deep pressure?

<p>Pacinian corpuscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the receptive fields of Merkel cells and Meissner corpuscles compared to Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles?

<p>They are smaller and more dense. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory system plays a significant role in detecting stretch and temperature in the skin?

<p>Somatic sensory system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are Ruffini endings located, and what do they primarily detect?

<p>In the dermis; skin stretch and temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body regions typically have smaller and denser receptive fields for mechanoreceptors?

<p>Fingers and lips (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of current mobile eye-tracking studies in sports?

<p>They include a limited number of studies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Meissner corpuscles?

<p>Detect light touch and skin motion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the gaze behavior of expert athletes compared to novices?

<p>Expert athletes often have fewer fixations with longer durations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the two-point discrimination technique relate to mechanoreceptors?

<p>It evaluates the precision of receptive fields. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context have most eye tracking studies in high-performance sports been conducted?

<p>In laboratory settings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory component is NOT primarily involved in the somatic sensory system?

<p>Vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of gaze behavior has primarily been analyzed in ball games according to the studies?

<p>Gaze behavior in dead ball situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes the quiet eye in expert golfers from that of non-experts?

<p>Expert golfers exhibit prolonged quiet eye periods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential challenge in interpreting gaze data from novice athletes?

<p>Findings from inexperienced individuals may not apply to high-performance contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the quiet eye refer to in the context of sports performance?

<p>A calm focus during crucial moments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common finding regarding gaze behavior between expert and novice athletes?

<p>Experts' gaze behavior is more effective in dead ball situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Visual Field

The entire area we can see without moving our head or eyes.

Binocular Visual Field

The area of the visual field that is seen by both eyes.

Monocular Visual Field

The area of the visual field seen by only one eye.

Eye Tracking

A technique used to study eye movements and gaze locations over time.

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Fixations

Periods of time during which the eyes remain focused on a single visual target.

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Saccades

Rapid, ballistic movements of the eye from one fixation to the next.

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Saccadic Suppression

A suppression of visual input during saccades, making us temporarily blind.

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Regression (in Reading)

A movement back to a previously read area of text.

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Mechanoreceptors

Specialized sensory receptors in the skin that detect mechanical pressure, vibration, and temperature.

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Receptive Field

The area of skin that activates a specific mechanoreceptor when touched.

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Pacinian Corpuscles

Located deep in the dermis, they are responsible for sensing vibration and deep pressure.

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Ruffini Endings

Located in the dermis, they detect skin stretch and temperature.

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Meissner Corpuscles

Located in the epidermis, they respond to light touch and skin motion.

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Merkel Cells

Located at the border of dermis and epidermis, they are specialized for detecting edges and points.

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Finer Spatial Resolution

Regions with smaller receptive fields, like fingertips and lips, have greater precision in localizing touch.

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Two-Point Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between two points of touch on the skin.

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Eye Tracker

A device that uses infrared light to measure eye movements and determine where a person is looking.

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Eye Tracking Calibration

A process where a participant is instructed to look at a series of points on a screen to calibrate the eye tracker so it can accurately measure eye movements.

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Sampling Rate (Hz)

The number of times per second that an eye tracker records eye position. Higher sampling rates provide more detailed data but require more processing power.

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Eye Tracking Accuracy

The ability of an eye tracker to accurately measure the actual position of the eye. This means the measured eye position is close to the true eye position.

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Eye Tracking Precision

The ability of an eye tracker to provide consistent measurements of eye position. This means repeated measurements of the same eye position are similar.

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Eye Tracking Data: Raw Data

Raw eye tracking data is a series of samples, each representing the recorded eye position at a specific time.

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Ensuring Data Quality

The process of ensuring eye tracking data is accurate and precise. This includes factors like proper calibration, good lighting, and the participant's eye condition.

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Receptive Field Size and Two-Point Discrimination

The ability to distinguish two separate points of contact on the skin is indicative of smaller receptive fields, while feeling only one point implies a larger receptive field.

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Tactile Feedback and Force Adjustment

Tactile feedback, which is the sense of touch, plays a significant role in adjusting the force applied during a movement. For example, if you were holding a glass of water on a cold day, your sense of touch would help you adjust the pressure based on the temperature of the glass.

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Tactile Feedback and Movement Accuracy

Tactile feedback is crucial for movement accuracy, especially in tasks requiring fine motor control. This is demonstrated by the increased errors in typing when the sense of touch is compromised by anesthesia.

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The Cornea

The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye, responsible for initial light refraction. Imagine it's like the front window of your eye, letting light in.

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The Pupil

The pupil is the opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. Imagine it as the black circle in your eye that gets bigger or smaller depending on the light.

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The Iris

The iris is the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil. It helps control the pupil's size, adjusting for different light levels. Think of it as the 'eye color' part that adjusts the light entering the eye.

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The Lens and Accommodation

The lens is located behind the pupil and iris, focusing light onto the retina. It's like a camera lens that focuses images. The ability of the lens to stretch or relax to focus is called accommodation.

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The Retina and Photoreceptors

The retina is a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye containing photoreceptors, the specialized cells that respond to light. Think of it as the 'film' in your eye that captures images.

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What is a fixation?

In eye-tracking research, a fixation refers to a period where an individual's gaze remains relatively stationary on a particular point of interest. It's a pause in eye movement, indicating focused attention.

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What are saccades?

Saccades are rapid eye movements between fixation points, allowing us to quickly shift our gaze from one point to another. It's like the rapid eye movements used to read a line of text.

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What is the 'quiet eye'?

The 'quiet eye' refers to a prolonged fixation period immediately before a motor action, such as a golf swing or a basketball shot. It's characterized by a stable and focused gaze on a target, often believed to be a crucial element for performance.

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How does the 'quiet eye' relate to performance?

The 'quiet eye' has been linked to improved performance in various sports. Experts tend to exhibit longer and more stable quiet eye periods compared to novices. This suggests that the 'quiet eye' plays a significant role in skilled motor control and performance.

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How does the 'quiet eye' differ between expert and non-expert golfers?

The 'quiet eye' in expert golfers is characterized by longer fixation durations and less fixation points compared to non-experts. This indicates a more focused and efficient gaze pattern in highly skilled golfers.

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What are the limitations of lab-based eye tracking in sports?

In sports research, using eye tracking technology in a controlled lab setting is common, although limitations exist. In natural sporting environments, real-time performance analysis is essential for understanding athlete decision-making and gaze behavior.

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What are the limitations of mobile eye tracking in sports?

Mobile eye tracking is a growing field, particularly in sports analysis, but it faces challenges such as limited data quality, small sample sizes, and technical difficulties. Despite these issues, mobile eye tracking holds significant potential to understand athletes' visual behavior in real-time.

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What are the limitations of eye tracking research in ball games?

The majority of eye tracking studies in high-performance sports have focused on ball games. However, research mostly analyzed dead ball situations, neglecting the complexities of dynamic ball movements and real-time decision-making.

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Study Notes

Motor Skills and Motor Games: Sensory Components of Motor Control

  • The course is titled "Motor Skills and Motor Games: Sensory components of motor control"
  • The professor is Juan Pablo Rey Lopez, with a PhD
  • The course is offered by the Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM)
  • The course has 4.5 ECTS credits
  • The timing unit is the first semester of 2024/25

Sensory Physiology: Key Senses Involved

  • Three main senses are involved: proprioception, touch, and vision.
  • Other senses are also important (auditory is relevant in sports for balance, etc.).
  • Proprioception is part of the somatic sensory system.
  • Touch is part of the somatic sensory system.
  • Vision is a part of the visual sensory system

Touch: Neural Basis

  • Neural basis of touch:
    • Tactile feedback contributes to force and movement accuracy.
    • Neural basis of touch: multiple mechanoreceptors (specialized cells) detect different qualities of touch.
      • Pacinian corpuscles: located deep in the dermis, responsible for detecting vibration and deep pressure.
      • Ruffini endings: located in the dermis, detect skin stretch and temperature.
      • Meissner corpuscles: located in the epidermis, respond to skin motion (light touch).
      • Merkel cells: located at the dermis-epidermis border, specialized in detecting edges and points (touch).
  • Each mechanoreceptor has a receptive field; a specific area of skin where a stimulus will activate the receptor
  • Larger receptive fields are less precise than smaller ones.
  • Two-point discrimination can be used to measure the size of receptive fields.

Vision: Neural Basis

  • The cornea is the transparent external part of the eye that refracts light.

  • The pupil is the opening in the iris (the colored part of the eye) that allows light into the eye.

  • The iris controls the size of the pupil to control the amount of light.

  • The lens focuses light onto the retina.

  • Accommodation is the process of the lens changing shape to focus light.

  • The retina is light-sensitive and has photoreceptors (rods and cones)

    • Rods: responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision
    • Cones: responsible for color vision and fine detail vision (high-light conditions).

  • Visual fields:

    • The full visual field is viewed simultaneously by both eyes.
    • Visual field classifications:
      • Based on what eye is capable of seeing (left vs. right eye only)
      • Based on seeing with one or both eyes (monocular vs. binocular field).

Eye Movement Recording

  • Eye trackers: measures the eye's position by measuring the reflection of infrared light on the cornea
  • Fixation: a period of time when the eye is fixed on a visual target.
  • Saccades: ballistic eye movement from one fixation to another. Visual input is suppressed during saccades.

Eye Tracking in Motor Control

  • Researchers use eye tracking to study the role of vision in motor control.
  • Method of recording eye motion and gaze location to study the role of vision across time and tasks.
  • Eyetracking software analyses raw data to determine fixations, saccades and lost data.
  • Eye tracking data is usually captured and presented as X and Y coordinates in pixels.
  • Eye tracking software often allows researchers to define regions of interest in a stimulus (such as words in a sentence) to analyze how often participants looked to specific sections of a stimulus
  • Several factors affect the quality of eye tracking data, including the participant wearing eyeglasses with a strong prescription, the glasses being dirty or having a tint or anti-glare coating, dark eyelashes or other makeup that can obscure the pupil. These can affect the accuracy of the measurements.

Current Limitations of Mobile Eye-Tracking

  • Only 31 studies have used mobile eye trackers in sport.
  • Sample sizes are relatively small.
  • Average sample rate is 30-60 Hz.
  • Reported data does not always meet the best standards of quality.

Eye Tracking in High-performance Sports

  • Most studies are done in a laboratory setting.
  • The majority of eye tracking studies in high-performance sports focus on ball games, analyzing gaze during the non-active phases (e.g., when the ball is not in motion).
  • Results show experts tend to differ from novices.

The Quiet Eye

  • A distinct period, during which the eyes maintain a sustained fixation point, right before performing an intense movement.

  • Is the quiet eye different between expert and non-expert golfers?

  • Expert athletes tend to use fewer, longer fixations compared to novices.

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Motor Skills and Motor Games PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the functionality and principles of eye tracking technology with this quiz. Explore topics such as infrared light roles, sampling rates, and the accuracy of eye tracking data. Perfect for students and professionals in psychology, technology, or vision sciences.

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