Eye Tracking Technology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of infrared light in eye tracking?

To provide comfort for the participant's eyes

To measure the size of the pupil directly

To reflect off the cornea for software identification (correct)

To illuminate the entire environment for better visibility

What does a higher sampling rate in an eye tracker indicate?

The maximum distance from which data can be gathered

The ability to track eye movements more accurately (correct)

The ability to stabilize the participant's head more effectively

The ability to record higher resolution images

Which of the following factors may interfere with the effectiveness of an eye tracker?

Participant's eye color

Presence of strong prescription in eyeglasses (correct)

Use of high-quality eyeglasses

A well-lit environment

What is necessary for achieving accurate eye tracking data?

Calibration of the device prior to use Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between accuracy and precision in eye tracking data?

Accuracy relates to actual position; precision relates to measurement consistency Signup and view all the answers

What factor might decrease precision in eye tracking when using wearable eye tracking glasses?

Unstable head positioning due to mobility Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would a one-eyed tracking setup be preferable?

When only one eye is functional Signup and view all the answers

Which manufacturer is noted for producing eye-tracking devices?

Tobii Signup and view all the answers

What defines monocular visual fields?

The area viewed by one eye located toward the periphery Signup and view all the answers

During eye movements called saccades, what happens to visual input?

It is temporarily suppressed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a fixation?

A period when the eye is fixed on a visual target Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a typical reading saccade?

It rotates about 2 degrees and lasts about 30 milliseconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of eye tracking technology?

To determine the direction of gaze over time Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the fovea's role in vision?

It limits high-acuity vision to a small portion of the visual field Signup and view all the answers

What typically follows a saccade in eye movement?

A fixation on a visual target Signup and view all the answers

In what manner do fixations progress during reading in English?

From left to right Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate when two points of a caliper feel like one point?

The receptive field is large. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does tactile feedback have on holding a glass of water in cold conditions?

Increases the force applied to hold the glass. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the process of light refraction first initiated in the eye?

The cornea. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the eye is responsible for high visual acuity?

The fovea. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about rods and cones is true?

Rods are more sensitive to light than cones. Signup and view all the answers

What happens where the optic nerve exits the eye?

There are no photoreceptors. Signup and view all the answers

What function does the lens perform in the eye?

It can change shape to focus images. Signup and view all the answers

What visual condition do cones primarily facilitate?

Color vision. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanoreceptor is primarily responsible for perceiving vibration and deep pressure?

Pacinian corpuscles Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the receptive fields of Merkel cells and Meissner corpuscles compared to Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles?

They are smaller and more dense. Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory system plays a significant role in detecting stretch and temperature in the skin?

Somatic sensory system Signup and view all the answers

Where are Ruffini endings located, and what do they primarily detect?

In the dermis; skin stretch and temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which body regions typically have smaller and denser receptive fields for mechanoreceptors?

Fingers and lips Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of current mobile eye-tracking studies in sports?

They include a limited number of studies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Meissner corpuscles?

Detect light touch and skin motion Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the gaze behavior of expert athletes compared to novices?

Expert athletes often have fewer fixations with longer durations. Signup and view all the answers

How does the two-point discrimination technique relate to mechanoreceptors?

It evaluates the precision of receptive fields. Signup and view all the answers

In which context have most eye tracking studies in high-performance sports been conducted?

In laboratory settings. Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory component is NOT primarily involved in the somatic sensory system?

Vision Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of gaze behavior has primarily been analyzed in ball games according to the studies?

Gaze behavior in dead ball situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes the quiet eye in expert golfers from that of non-experts?

Expert golfers exhibit prolonged quiet eye periods. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential challenge in interpreting gaze data from novice athletes?

Findings from inexperienced individuals may not apply to high-performance contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What does the quiet eye refer to in the context of sports performance?

A calm focus during crucial moments. Signup and view all the answers

What was a common finding regarding gaze behavior between expert and novice athletes?

Experts' gaze behavior is more effective in dead ball situations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motor Skills and Motor Games: Sensory Components of Motor Control

The course is titled "Motor Skills and Motor Games: Sensory components of motor control"
The professor is Juan Pablo Rey Lopez, with a PhD
The course is offered by the Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM)
The course has 4.5 ECTS credits
The timing unit is the first semester of 2024/25

Sensory Physiology: Key Senses Involved

Three main senses are involved: proprioception, touch, and vision.
Other senses are also important (auditory is relevant in sports for balance, etc.).
Proprioception is part of the somatic sensory system.
Touch is part of the somatic sensory system.
Vision is a part of the visual sensory system

Touch: Neural Basis

Neural basis of touch:
- Tactile feedback contributes to force and movement accuracy.
- Neural basis of touch: multiple mechanoreceptors (specialized cells) detect different qualities of touch.
  - Pacinian corpuscles: located deep in the dermis, responsible for detecting vibration and deep pressure.
  - Ruffini endings: located in the dermis, detect skin stretch and temperature.
  - Meissner corpuscles: located in the epidermis, respond to skin motion (light touch).
  - Merkel cells: located at the dermis-epidermis border, specialized in detecting edges and points (touch).
Each mechanoreceptor has a receptive field; a specific area of skin where a stimulus will activate the receptor
Larger receptive fields are less precise than smaller ones.
Two-point discrimination can be used to measure the size of receptive fields.

Vision: Neural Basis

The cornea is the transparent external part of the eye that refracts light.
The pupil is the opening in the iris (the colored part of the eye) that allows light into the eye.
The iris controls the size of the pupil to control the amount of light.
The lens focuses light onto the retina.
Accommodation is the process of the lens changing shape to focus light.
The retina is light-sensitive and has photoreceptors (rods and cones)
- Rods: responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision
- Cones: responsible for color vision and fine detail vision (high-light conditions).
Visual fields:
- The full visual field is viewed simultaneously by both eyes.
- Visual field classifications:
  - Based on what eye is capable of seeing (left vs. right eye only)
  - Based on seeing with one or both eyes (monocular vs. binocular field).

Eye Movement Recording

Eye trackers: measures the eye's position by measuring the reflection of infrared light on the cornea
Fixation: a period of time when the eye is fixed on a visual target.
Saccades: ballistic eye movement from one fixation to another. Visual input is suppressed during saccades.

Eye Tracking in Motor Control

Researchers use eye tracking to study the role of vision in motor control.
Method of recording eye motion and gaze location to study the role of vision across time and tasks.
Eyetracking software analyses raw data to determine fixations, saccades and lost data.
Eye tracking data is usually captured and presented as X and Y coordinates in pixels.
Eye tracking software often allows researchers to define regions of interest in a stimulus (such as words in a sentence) to analyze how often participants looked to specific sections of a stimulus
Several factors affect the quality of eye tracking data, including the participant wearing eyeglasses with a strong prescription, the glasses being dirty or having a tint or anti-glare coating, dark eyelashes or other makeup that can obscure the pupil. These can affect the accuracy of the measurements.

Current Limitations of Mobile Eye-Tracking

Only 31 studies have used mobile eye trackers in sport.
Sample sizes are relatively small.
Average sample rate is 30-60 Hz.
Reported data does not always meet the best standards of quality.

Eye Tracking in High-performance Sports

Most studies are done in a laboratory setting.
The majority of eye tracking studies in high-performance sports focus on ball games, analyzing gaze during the non-active phases (e.g., when the ball is not in motion).
Results show experts tend to differ from novices.

The Quiet Eye

A distinct period, during which the eyes maintain a sustained fixation point, right before performing an intense movement.
Is the quiet eye different between expert and non-expert golfers?
Expert athletes tend to use fewer, longer fixations compared to novices.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functionality and principles of eye tracking technology with this quiz. Explore topics such as infrared light roles, sampling rates, and the accuracy of eye tracking data. Perfect for students and professionals in psychology, technology, or vision sciences.