Extraction Methods and Processes

A multistage extraction method using multiple tubes where denser and lighter phases flow in opposite directions to improve separation based on density difference.

Extracting analytes from a sample in one or more stages, where the solvent and extracted substances are removed after each stage.

Solvent flows continuously through the mixture, extracting analytes continuously. The process doesn't stop.

Extraction method that uses chelates (complex compounds) to form specific structures, allowing extraction based on these specific structures.

Solvent molecules surrounding and interacting with solute molecules to dissolve them.

The ratio of concentration of a substance in two immiscible phases at equilibrium.

A type of equipment in counter-current extraction process that mixes the phases and allows separation.

The process of removing extracted solutes from the organic phase back into the aqueous phase.

A salt added to the aqueous phase to reduce the solubility of solutes in water, enhancing its transfer to the organic phase.

They bind interfering ions, preventing them from reacting with extractants, ensuring purity of the analyte.

Washing the organic phase with an aqueous solution to remove impurities or excess extracted solute.

Chelate extraction is selective for simple molecules and highly effective for challenging extractions, making it cost-effective.

Solvation extraction is simple and effective for trace levels, making it cost-effective.

Ion pair extraction enhances efficiency and works effectively for molecules and challenging extractions.

Synergic extraction enhances efficiency, works effectively for molecules and species, and is cost-effective.

Chelate extraction is limited to ions that form neutral combinations, requires stable chelates, and is weak for polar species and molecules.

Solvation extraction is limited to ions that form neutral combinations, requires stable chelates, and is weak for polar species and molecules.

How well a substance is separated from a mixture using a solvent.

Choosing the right solvent for extracting a substance based on its properties like solubility, safety, and reactivity.

The acidity of the aqueous phase affects the ionization of substances, impacting extraction.

The pH of the solution can directly impact the extraction process of metal complexes.

Special compounds used for extracting specific elements, like metals, from solutions.

Extraction based on the solubility of neutral molecules or complexes in a solvent.

Extraction based on the interaction between oppositely charged ions, forming neutral pairs that dissolve in the solvent.

Using two extractants together to achieve greater selectivity and extraction efficiency.

Choosing solvents depending on the type of compounds you want to extract.

Chelation forms stable complexes with metal ions, increasing their solubility in organic solvents, making them easier to extract.

Resonance delocalizes electrons within the ligand and metal ion, strengthening the bond between them, leading to more stable chelates.

Bulky groups around the metal ion hinder proper coordination, decreasing the strength of chelation.

Oxygen-rich solvents with strong coordination with oxonium cations, aiding extraction in slightly acidic conditions.

The phase that is scattered or distributed throughout another phase (dispersing medium).

Intense agitation creates tiny particles (1-1.5 um), forming an emulsion, hindering separation.

S.E. offers better separation and selectivity than chemical precipitation.

S.E. consumes less energy, handles larger volumes, works faster, is easier to automate, and allows continuous operation.

S.E. separates methane from raw biogas, using solvents like amine solutions or Selexol to remove impurities like CO2, producing high-purity methane.

A method where a positively charged ion associates with a counterion to form a neutral ion pair complex, making it easier to extract into the organic phase.

The counterion must be compatible with the target ion in terms of solubility, stability, and overall properties. This ensures the ion pair forms efficiently and is extractable.

Extracting uranium using tributyl phosphate (TBP) and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) together enhances the extraction compared to using either alone.

Extracting vanadium or scandium using trioctylamine from a mineral acid. The trioctylamine acts as the counterion, forming a neutral complex that can be extracted into an organic solvent.