Modern Sample Preparation Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What is a major advantage of modern sample preparation techniques compared to traditional methods?

Increasing the use of organic solvents

Enhancing the formation of undesirable components in the extract

Increasing the complexity of the extraction process

Reducing the consumption of organic solvents and minimizing sample degradation (correct)

What is eliminated from the extract as a result of modern sample preparation techniques?

All of the components in the extract

Solvents used in the extraction process

Desirable and soluble components

Undesirable and insoluble components (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic of Soxhwave extraction?

It is a type of supercritical fluid extraction

It combines the rapid heating capacity of microwaves with the simplicity of Soxhlet (correct)

It uses only Soxhlet extraction

It uses only microwave-assisted extraction

What is a common feature of modern sample preparation techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasound extraction?

They are all designed to reduce the consumption of organic solvents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is NOT a type of modern sample preparation technique?

Soxhlet extraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor in determining the type of extraction method?

The physical and chemical properties of the phytochemical Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of considering the part of the plant used in extraction?

It affects the yield of the active ingredient Signup and view all the answers

Why is the nature of the plant material (fresh or dry) important in extraction?

It affects the solubility of the phytochemical Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when selecting an extraction method for a heat-sensitive phytochemical?

The temperature of the extraction process Signup and view all the answers

What property of the phytochemical can affect the choice of solvent in extraction?

Solubility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the quality of extraction when dealing with dry or fresh plant material?

Nature of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the quality of extraction?

Humidity Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal characteristic of a solvent in terms of its reaction with the extracted compound?

Non-reactive Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a solvent that is highly selective for the compound being extracted?

It improves the quality of the extracted compound Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of most small-scale extraction processes of maceration and percolation?

They are slow and time-consuming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration when choosing a solvent in terms of its economic feasibility?

It should be economically available Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using a solvent that is harmless to humans and the environment?

It ensures the safety of the operators and the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that accelerates the extraction procedure in hot extraction methods?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which type of extraction method is more time-consuming?

Cold extraction method Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for increasing the temperature during the extraction process?

To increase the solubilization process Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an infusion?

It is a type of periodic maceration of the drug with either cold or boiling water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the percolation and maceration methods?

The flow of solvent through the powered drug Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant ingredients are generally used in hot extraction methods?

Those that are not affected widely by heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the percolation process compared to the maceration process?

Products of greater concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of leaving the material in the vessel for 24 hours?

To allow the material to soak in the solvent Signup and view all the answers

What type of extraction method is infusion an example of?

Periodic maceration method Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a Clevenger apparatus?

To extract volatile compounds Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Clevenger method suitable for certain plant materials?

Because it does not significantly affect heat-sensitive plants Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the plant material and water in the Clevenger process?

They are placed in the distillation round flask Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds are typically extracted using the Clevenger method?

Volatile compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the boiling points of two immiscible liquids?

They are less than the boiling points of each individual liquid Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Dalton's law of partial pressure in the context of immiscible liquids?

It explains the boiling points of immiscible liquids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Modern Extraction Techniques

Modern extraction techniques have several advantages compared to traditional methods, including reduced consumption of organic solvents and reduced degradation of samples.
These techniques include Microwave-assisted Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Counter-Current Extraction, Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication), and Soxhwave.
Soxhwave is a combination of Soxhlet with microwaves, combining rapid heating capacity with simplicity.

Factors Affecting Extraction

Nature of the drug (dry or fresh plant) affects the quality of extraction.
Solvent suitability to dissolve required ingredients affects extraction quality.
Temperature and agitation increase the solubilization process.
pH affects the extraction process, depending on the nature of the extracted product.
Particle size affects the surface area, thus improving extraction.
Time affects the extraction process or stability of ingredients.

Choosing the Ideal Solvent

The solvent should be highly selective for the compound being extracted.
The solvent should not react with the extracted or any other compound within the plant material.
The solvent should be economic and available.
The solvent should be harmless to humans and the environment.

Extraction Methods

Most small-scale extraction processes of maceration and percolation are slow and time-consuming, giving inefficient extraction of crude drugs.
Choosing the type of extraction method depends on the nature of the plant (fresh or dry, and the part used) and the active ingredient being extracted.
The physical and chemical properties of the phytochemical, including solubility, chemical nature, and susceptibility to heat, affect the extraction method.

Percolation Process

The percolation process depends on the flow of solvent through the powered drug, yielding products of greater concentration than the maceration process.

Hot Extraction Methods

These methods are generally used for plant ingredients that are not widely affected by heat.
These methods are less time-consuming than cold extraction methods, as temperature accelerates the extraction procedure.

Infusion

An infusion is a dilute solution of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs.
It is a type of periodic maceration of the drug with either cold or boiling water.

Clevenger

Clevenger is a distillation extraction process using a special apparatus.
This method is mainly used to extract volatile compounds.
The plant material and water are placed in the distillation round flask, and the process is applied to plants that are not significantly affected by heat.

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Description

Learn about the advantages of modern sample preparation techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, over traditional methods, including reducing solvent consumption and eliminating undesirable components.