External Assessment 2022 - Psychology Paper 1

The variation or spread of scores around the mean in a dataset. A smaller standard deviation indicates less variability.

A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or experience.

The behavioral manifestation of a prejudicial attitude.

A study design where participants are exposed to both study conditions (silent and noisy), and both test condition (short answer and multiple choice).

A minority group gradually loses all of the markers that set it apart as a separate culture.

The average score obtained by participants under a specific condition.

A two-dimensional figure that people interpret as three-dimensional.

A measure of how well a test reflects the actual knowledge or capabilities being assessed.

The tendency for people to be less likely to help someone in need if there are other bystanders present.

A measure of how consistently a test yields similar results when administered repeatedly.

A social psychological experiment that demonstrated how obedience to authority can override personal morality.

The brain region responsible for spatial reasoning, navigation, and object recognition.

The process of learning through association.

The act of learning or acquiring knowledge through observation and experience, often influenced by social interactions.

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences.

Individuals often admired or imitated, particularly within social media platforms.

This theory proposes that children passively learn gender roles by observing and imitating the behaviors of others. They are like sponges absorbing information from their environment.

This theory proposes that children actively create categories for gender in their minds and then seek out information about those categories. They use these categories to guide their understanding of gender-related concepts.

In this stage, individuals are internally weighing the pros and cons of ending the relationship. This includes thinking about their own feelings, desires, and motivations for staying or leaving.

This stage occurs when individuals start to communicate their concerns and dissatisfaction with the relationship. It involves revealing to the partner their thoughts and feelings about the issues that are leading to potential dissolution.

This stage involves the public declaration of the relationship breakdown. It is where the couple officially announces to others that they are going separate ways.

This stage involves actively negotiating the terms of the separation and coming to an agreement about the breakup, including issues like division of property or shared belongings. It is a more active stage compared to the prior stages.

A process in operant conditioning where an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that signal whether a behavior will be reinforced or not.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a previously reinforced behavior stops being reinforced and gradually decreases in frequency.

Explicit attitudes are conscious and readily reported beliefs about a group of people.

Implicit attitudes are unconscious and may be revealed indirectly through measures like reaction times. They often reflect underlying biases that we may not be aware of.

Social learning theory highlights how we learn through observation, imitation, and reinforcement. In the development of phobias, this means someone observes another person's fear and then imitates that behavior.

Classical conditioning plays a role in the development of phobias by associating a neutral stimulus (e.g., a spider) with a negative experience (e.g., fear).

Operant conditioning maintains phobias by rewarding avoidance behavior. This means avoiding the feared stimulus reinforces the phobia, keeping it strong.

Both classical conditioning and social learning theory contribute to maintaining phobias by teaching the person to associate the feared stimulus with negative consequences or by observing the avoidance behavior in others.