Questions and Answers
How might you decide to use a rating scale or a screening instrument during the initial assessment phase of counseling?
Rating scales allow clients to state their position on a scale from 1-10, helping counselors grade and track progress.
What is the purpose of the intake/initial interview?
To collect relevant information about a client's history and background in order to quickly ascertain the effects of past events on their current situation.
What is the major advantage of structured interviews at intake?
They can be completed by a client prior to the first sessions.
A Bender-Gestalt can tell us about aural and oral perception and integration.
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If asked 'Which of the following describes you best?' with options like 'I am a good listener' or 'I am expressive and creative', you are using ipsative scoring.
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What types can clinical interviews be?
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What ethical issue does the knowledge and understanding to select, administer, score, and interpret the instrument address?
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According to RUST, the use of obsolete assessments is allowable if the budget is not large enough to buy newer assessments.
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Reliability, norms, validity, and standard error of measurement are considered psychometric factors.
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Construct validity assesses whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
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In looking at reliability, the correlation coefficient provides a numerical indicator of the relationship.
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When a score of 100 is achieved as a standard score, it represents the norm, not a perfect score.
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A standard score of 85 is equivalent to a standard deviation of -2.
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Like K-R 20, Coefficient Alpha checks for internal consistency of an instrument.
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What disorder exhibits social withdrawal and language deficits with an onset before 30 months of age?
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What allows for comparability of scores and interpretations across different examiners?
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Which type of tests compare a person's scores to a predetermined standard of performance?
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Which of the following describes projective techniques?
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What allows for midcourse modifications to ensure that objectives are met?
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Building an engine is an example of what?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the components that must underlie authentic performance assessments?
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The GRE is available in a _________ format.
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Refers to the identification of mental disorders and related syndromes.
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What does CBTI stand for?
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Group intelligence tests are often used to place individuals in special education or apply for Medicaid disability.
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A reliability measure of .79 is stronger than one of .49.
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Which of the following was NOT a criticism of tests during the Era of Discontent?
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Describe the three components that must underlie authentic performance assessments.
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What are the advantages of computer-managed and computer-assisted testing?
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What is examiner bias?
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When administering a test, coaching is not only allowed, it is encouraged.
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Study Notes
Standardized and Criterion-Referenced Tests
- Standardized tests allow the comparability of scores and interpretations across different examiners.
- Criterion-referenced tests compare an individual's scores to a predetermined standard of performance.
Assessment Techniques
- Projective techniques are based on psychodynamic principles and use unstructured stimuli.
- Performance assessments evaluate specific tasks, such as building an engine or observing a counselor-in-training during an internship.
Evaluative Methods
- Formative evaluation allows for midcourse modifications to ensure objectives are met.
- Authentic performance assessments require clearly defined evaluative criteria to judge performance.
Testing Formats and Types
- The GRE is available in a computer-adapted format.
- Intelligence tests measure cognitive strengths and deficits; examples include the WAIS and nonverbal tests like the Leiter.
- The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality assessment.
Legal and Ethical Considerations
- The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) safeguards school records.
- The HIPAA privacy rule grants patients rights concerning their health records, including corrections.
- Ethical standards aim to educate members about sound behaviors, provide accountability, and improve professional practice.
Issues in Assessment
- Inaccurate labeling can lead to detrimental consequences.
- Cultural differences may result in bias; it's critical to administer tests fairly and appropriately.
- Content bias occurs when assessment questions include unfamiliar concepts, as seen with a child from poverty encountering topics like boats.
Educational and Diagnostic Tools
- An Individual Education Plan (IEP) outlines goals for children and should not rely solely on one assessment.
- The Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement assist in assessing potential eligibility for services in education.
Test Administration
- Examiner bias can lead to inaccurate results due to preconceptions or social influences.
- Initial intake interviews should gather comprehensive demographic, medical, family, and educational histories.
- Professional counselors must know how to administer, score, and interpret tests properly.
Types of Assessments
- Norm-referenced tests are used for assessing intelligence and behavior, while criterion-referenced tests measure performance against standards.
- Dichotomous items ease administration but come with guessing risks; multiple-choice exams promote standardization.
Historical Context
- The Army Alpha test was developed during WWI to assign appropriate duties to soldiers.
- Charles Darwin's work spurred interest in individual differences, influencing assessment development.
Misconceptions in Assessment
- Group intelligence tests are not typically used for placing individuals in special education.
- Reliability measures can indicate the strength of test consistency, with .79 being stronger than .49.
- Projective tests allow less opportunity for subjects to manipulate responses.
Client-Counselor Relationships
- Fidelity involves establishing a trusting relationship between counselor and client.
- Counselors must monitor situations like negative parental reactions to assessment results to prevent client harm.
Technology and Assessment
- Computer-managed testing offers advantages like cost savings and quicker results but may lack personalized observation of clients.
- Ethical decision-making models guide counselors in resolving dilemmas as they arise.
Additional Insights
- RUST promotes responsible use of standardized tests within counseling and education.
- Rating scales can track progress and allow clients to express their viewpoints effectively.
- Structured interviews optimize data collection by facilitating efficient information gathering from clients.### Ethical Issues in Assessment
- Ethical considerations arise in the application of assessments, particularly regarding their relevance and currency.
Psychometric Factors
- Key psychometric factors include:
- Reliability: Consistency of test results over time.
- Validity: The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
- Norms: Standards or averages derived from a specific population to interpret individual scores.
- Standard Error of Measurement: A statistic that quantifies the amount of error in an observed score.
Construct Validity
- Construct validity examines whether a test accurately measures its intended concept, ensuring the test's effectiveness.
Correlation Coefficient
- The correlation coefficient serves as a numerical indicator to assess the relationship between two variables, crucial for understanding reliability.
Standard Scores
- A standard score of 100 signifies the norm, highlighting that it is not necessarily a perfect score but a benchmark for comparison.
Understanding Standard Deviations
- A standard score of 85 does not equate to a standard deviation of -2; this is a key misunderstanding regarding score interpretation.
Internal Consistency
- Calculating internal consistency can be accomplished using:
- Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (K-R 20) and
- Coefficient Alpha: Both assess the coherence of items within a test.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Autism is characterized by symptoms such as social withdrawal and language challenges, which typically manifest before the age of 30 months.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key terms and definitions related to standardized testing and assessment techniques in psychology. This quiz covers various types of tests including criterion-referenced and projective techniques. Perfect for students preparing for their final assessments.
