Exploring the Archaeplastida Supergroup
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Questions and Answers

Which supergroup includes red algae, green algae, and land plants?

  • Unikonta
  • Archaeplastida (correct)
  • SAR
  • Amoebozoa

    • What is the characteristic feature of red algae that gives them their reddish color?

  • Photosynthetic pigment phycoerythrin (correct)
  • Photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a
  • Photosynthetic pigment phycocyanin
  • Photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll b

    • Which group of green algae is more closely related to land plants?

  • Rhodophytes
  • Chlamydomonas
  • Charophytes (correct)
  • Chlorophytes

    • Which supergroup includes animals, fungi, and protists?

    <p>Unikonta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the supercell formed by plasmodial slime molds?

    <p>Plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists includes slime molds, tubulinids, and entamoebas?

    <p>Amoebozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of diatoms that makes them ecologically relevant?

    <p>Silica cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain do all protists belong to?

    <p>Domain Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of protists?

    <p>They have membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do protists obtain nutrition?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do protists reproduce?

    <p>By both cell division and sexual processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom do algae belong to?

    <p>Kingdom Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is endosymbiosis?

    <p>A relationship between two species where one organism lives inside the cell of the other organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primary endosymbiosis?

    <p>When a eukaryote host cell engulfed a cyanobacterium that later became a chloroplast organelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supergroup includes autotrophs, heterotrophs, and parasites?

    <p>Excavata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clade in the Excavata supergroup has modified mitochondria and multiple flagella?

    <p>Euglenozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supergroup is known for its large and diverse set of protists, and includes the clades Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians?

    <p>SAR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists in the SAR supergroup includes diatoms, brown algae, and oomycetes?

    <p>Stramenopiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major component of phytoplankton and is considered a type of diatom?

    <p>Diatom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists includes water molds and mildews, and are sometimes referred to as 'fungal-like protists'?

    <p>Oomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clade in the SAR supergroup includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates?

    <p>Alveolates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is made from diatoms and used in filtration, toothpaste, and paint?

    <p>Diatomaceous earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential human food source mentioned in the text?

    <p>Chlorella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is produced by giant kelps and used in ice cream and salad dressing?

    <p>Algin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance regulates water behavior and controls the development of ice crystals?

    <p>Algin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is a source of iodine and is obtained from kelp?

    <p>Carrageenan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is produced by red algae and used as a thickening agent in food?

    <p>Carrageenan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is a solidifier of nutrient culture media and retains moistness in bakery products?

    <p>Agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is used as a base for cosmetics?

    <p>Diatomaceous earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is used in latex paint, textiles, and ceramics?

    <p>Algin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi includes decomposers such as bread molds?

    <p>Zygomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi includes mushrooms and puffballs?

    <p>Basidiomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the reproductive cell of fungi capable of developing into a new individual?

    <p>Spore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the fungal life cycle is dominant?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the union of the cytoplasm from two parent mycelia in fungi?

    <p>Plasmogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fusion of haploid nuclei from both parents to form a diploid zygote in fungi?

    <p>Karyogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a practical use of fungi?

    <p>Blood pressure medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by a fungus that affects elm trees?

    <p>Dutch elm disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is commonly used in the fermentation of alcoholic beverages and breads?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungus is known for its production of antibiotics such as Penicillin?

    <p>Ascomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance derived from a fungus is used as a blood pressure medicine?

    <p>Ergot on rye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi is responsible for the production of antibiotics and blood pressure medicine?

    <p>Ascomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker cell wall, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a shape or form that bacteria can occur in?

    <p>Cube or rectangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common feature of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fimbriae in prokaryotes?

    <p>To allow the prokaryote to stick to its substrate or another prokaryote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the subunit of the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria and archaea?

    <p>Muramic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bacteria in the environment?

    <p>Decomposers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement in prokaryotes is characterized by movement in response to chemicals?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cyanobacteria?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between bacteria and archaea?

    <p>Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while archaea do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prokaryotic cell wall reacts to dye and appears purple when stained?

    <p>Gram-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a thick-coated resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions called?

    <p>Endospore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of access for disease-causing bacteria?

    <p>Access through mucus membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?

    <p>They are autotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of arbuscules in mycorrhizal fungi?

    <p>To facilitate nutrient compound uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mycorrhizal fungi extends over the root surface but does not grow into the intercellular spaces of the root cortex?

    <p>Ectomycorrhizal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mycorrhizae in plants?

    <p>To transfer nutrients across hyphal networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungi reproduce?

    <p>Both sexually and asexually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Supergroups and Key Groups

    • Archaeplastida includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.
    • Red algae have phycoerythrin, a pigment that gives them their reddish color.
    • Chlorophytes, a group of green algae, are more closely related to land plants.
    • Opisthokonta encompasses animals, fungi, and some protists.

    Protists and Their Characteristics

    • Plasmodial slime molds form a supercell called a plasmodium.
    • Amoebozoans include slime molds, tubulinids, and entamoebas.
    • Diatoms have silica cell walls, making them relevant in aquatic ecosystems as a significant part of phytoplankton.
    • All protists belong to the domain Eukarya.
    • Protists are characterized by their diverse forms and can be unicellular or multicellular.
    • Nutrition is obtained through autotrophy, heterotrophy, or parasitism, while reproduction occurs both sexually and asexually.

    Algae and Endosymbiosis

    • Algae are classified within the kingdom Protista.
    • Endosymbiosis is the process where one organism lives inside another, leading to evolutionary changes.
    • Primary endosymbiosis involves the engulfing of a cyanobacterium by a eukaryotic cell.

    Supergroups and Clades

    • Excavata includes autotrophs, heterotrophs, and parasites, with some clades possessing modified mitochondria and multiple flagella.
    • SAR supergroup is known for its diverse protists, including Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians.
    • The SAR supergroup includes brown algae, oomycetes, and diatoms.

    Ecologically Relevant Substances

    • Diatomaceous earth, derived from diatoms, is used in filtration, toothpaste, and paint.
    • Giant kelp produces algin, used as a thickener in ice cream and salad dressing.
    • Agar, produced by red algae, is used as a solidifier in nutrient media and moisteness-retaining agent in bakery products.
    • Carrageenan, derived from red algae, serves as a thickening agent in various foods.
    • Kelp is a source of iodine, vital for human health.

    Fungi and Their Functions

    • Decomposers such as bread molds belong to the Zygomycota group of fungi.
    • Basidiomycota includes mushrooms and puffballs, while reproductive cells are called spores.
    • The haploid phase is dominant in the fungal life cycle.
    • Plasmogamy refers to the fusion of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia, while karyogamy is the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote.

    Fungal Applications and Diseases

    • Fungi can be utilized in the production of antibiotics (like Penicillin) and medications for blood pressure.
    • Dutch Elm Disease is an example of a fungal disease affecting elm trees.
    • Yeasts are commonly used in fermentation for alcoholic beverages and bread.

    Prokaryotic Characteristics

    • Main differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria lie in their cell wall structure and reaction to dye.
    • Fimbriae serve to adhere to surfaces in prokaryotes.
    • Prokaryotic cells reproduce primarily through binary fission.
    • Peptidoglycan, made from N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid, is a key component of bacterial cell walls.

    Environmental Roles and Traits

    • Bacteria play essential roles as decomposers, recyclers of nutrients, and contributors to biogeochemical cycles.
    • Chemotaxis is characterized by movement in response to chemical stimuli.
    • Cyanobacteria are recognized for their photosynthetic abilities and nitrogen fixation.
    • Bacterial differentiation from archaea involves differences in cell wall composition and genetic sequencing.

    Mycorrhizal Fungi

    • Arbuscules in mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient exchange between fungi and plant roots.
    • Ectomycorrhizal fungi grow over root surfaces and do not penetrate the root cortex, aiding in nutrient absorption.
    • Mycorrhizae enhance plants' ability to obtain nutrients and water from the soil.
    • Fungi reproduce through spores and various other reproductive strategies.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the Archaeplastida Supergroup, which includes red algae, green algae, and land plants. Learn about the origins of this eukaryotic supergroup and their unique characteristics such as being photoautotrophic and having a red color. Explore the diversity of red algae, their habitat in warm coastal waters, and their alternation of generations.

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