Podcast
Questions and Answers
Social questions and problems can be studied _____________
Social questions and problems can be studied _____________
scientifically
Hindsight Bias: The tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome after knowing that it _______________
Hindsight Bias: The tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome after knowing that it _______________
occurred
Biased perceptions of outcomes for events that actually happened
Biased perceptions of outcomes for events that actually happened
Fischhoff & Beyth (1975)
Variable: Any factor or attribute that can assume two or more ___________
Variable: Any factor or attribute that can assume two or more ___________
Signup and view all the answers
An event or behaviour that has at least two ___________
An event or behaviour that has at least two ___________
Signup and view all the answers
Theory: An organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed ___________
Theory: An organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed ___________
Signup and view all the answers
Dependent ______
Dependent ______
Signup and view all the answers
Internal ______
Internal ______
Signup and view all the answers
Random ______
Random ______
Signup and view all the answers
Probability ______
Probability ______
Signup and view all the answers
Construct ______
Construct ______
Signup and view all the answers
External ______
External ______
Signup and view all the answers
Operational Definition: The precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated. Use Defining a variable in terms of the ______ used to measure or manipulate it. Convert an abstract, hypothetical, or nonobservable construct into things that can be measured. Example: Ecological values
Operational Definition: The precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated. Use Defining a variable in terms of the ______ used to measure or manipulate it. Convert an abstract, hypothetical, or nonobservable construct into things that can be measured. Example: Ecological values
Signup and view all the answers
Observational Method: The technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements of their behaviour. Varies in the degree to which the observer interacts with the situation/observees. Useful for observing the behaviour of a ______. Must clearly define the behaviours of interest
Observational Method: The technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements of their behaviour. Varies in the degree to which the observer interacts with the situation/observees. Useful for observing the behaviour of a ______. Must clearly define the behaviours of interest
Signup and view all the answers
Naturalistic Observation: Watching behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation. E.g., observe behaviour at minor ______ games
Naturalistic Observation: Watching behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation. E.g., observe behaviour at minor ______ games
Signup and view all the answers
Ethnography: The method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions they might have. Example: Festinger, Riecken, & Schacter (1956) studied a cult whose leader predicted the end of the ______. How would believers react when the event didn’t happen
Ethnography: The method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions they might have. Example: Festinger, Riecken, & Schacter (1956) studied a cult whose leader predicted the end of the ______. How would believers react when the event didn’t happen
Signup and view all the answers
Correlation Coefficient: assesses the relationship between two ______. Values range from -1.00 to +1.
Correlation Coefficient: assesses the relationship between two ______. Values range from -1.00 to +1.
Signup and view all the answers
Correlational Method: A technique where researchers systematically measure two or more variables and assess the relation between them. Can involve predicting one variable from another (______)
Correlational Method: A technique where researchers systematically measure two or more variables and assess the relation between them. Can involve predicting one variable from another (______)
Signup and view all the answers
Quasi-experimental designs (not true experiments) Field experiments have presumed ______ validity o Technically, good ecological validity Examples: o Latané & Darley (1970): Robbers in a convenience store o Piliavin et al. (1969): A collapse at the subway station • IVs: Drunk or Ill, black or white • Diffusion of responsibility was not supported in this study
Quasi-experimental designs (not true experiments) Field experiments have presumed ______ validity o Technically, good ecological validity Examples: o Latané & Darley (1970): Robbers in a convenience store o Piliavin et al. (1969): A collapse at the subway station • IVs: Drunk or Ill, black or white • Diffusion of responsibility was not supported in this study
Signup and view all the answers
The Basic Dilemma of the Social Psychologist Basic Dilemma of the Social Psychologist: o There is a trade-off between internal and ______ validity Both experimental and field research are important o And correlational research too. o Collections of research studies give a better picture than individual studies.
The Basic Dilemma of the Social Psychologist Basic Dilemma of the Social Psychologist: o There is a trade-off between internal and ______ validity Both experimental and field research are important o And correlational research too. o Collections of research studies give a better picture than individual studies.
Signup and view all the answers
Replication: o Repeating a study to determine if the findings can be ______ o Verify conclusions using an independent research study (and sample)
Replication: o Repeating a study to determine if the findings can be ______ o Verify conclusions using an independent research study (and sample)
Signup and view all the answers
How is evidence collected. o Literature reviews of studies o Narrative reviews o ______ • A statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable
How is evidence collected. o Literature reviews of studies o Narrative reviews o ______ • A statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable
Signup and view all the answers
Researchers must prioritize the health and welfare of their participants o Must follow TCPS-2 Guidelines and Principles o Research Ethics Board (REB): • An independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research projects with human participants complies with the TCPS-2 principles and guidelines. Social Psychologists must be especially concerned with ______ o Topics could cause people some forms of harm o Want psychological realism: informed consent vs. reactivity and deception • The procedure whereby participants are misled about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire.
Researchers must prioritize the health and welfare of their participants o Must follow TCPS-2 Guidelines and Principles o Research Ethics Board (REB): • An independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research projects with human participants complies with the TCPS-2 principles and guidelines. Social Psychologists must be especially concerned with ______ o Topics could cause people some forms of harm o Want psychological realism: informed consent vs. reactivity and deception • The procedure whereby participants are misled about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire.
Signup and view all the answers
Debriefing: o A conversation or communication with the participant that conveys additional information about the study. Goals of Debriefing: o Provide complete information about the study, including about deception that was used o Give participants a chance to ask questions o Minimize adverse effects o Maximize likelihood that they will feel positively about participation o To ask for cooperation in not discussing the study with others who might ______
Debriefing: o A conversation or communication with the participant that conveys additional information about the study. Goals of Debriefing: o Provide complete information about the study, including about deception that was used o Give participants a chance to ask questions o Minimize adverse effects o Maximize likelihood that they will feel positively about participation o To ask for cooperation in not discussing the study with others who might ______
Signup and view all the answers
