Exploring Correlation
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Questions and Answers

Define the dependent variable in a cause-and-effect relationship.

The outcome variable the researcher is interested in.

What is internal validity?

The extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences.

Explain random assignment in an experiment.

The process whereby all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment.

What does the p-value tell researchers?

<p>How likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variable(s).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is construct validity?

<p>The issue of whether the constructs (conceptual variables) that researchers claim to be studying are, in fact, the constructs that they are truly manipulating and measuring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is external validity?

<p>The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic dilemma of the social psychologist?

<p>The basic dilemma of the social psychologist is the trade-off between internal and external validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is replication?

<p>Replication is the act of repeating a study to determine if the findings can be reproduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of replication with variation?

<p>The purpose of replication with variation is to repeat a study with different populations, settings, methods, or measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the TCPS-2 guidelines and principles?

<p>The TCPS-2 guidelines and principles are ethical guidelines that researchers must follow to prioritize the health and welfare of their participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Research Ethics Board (REB)?

<p>A Research Ethics Board (REB) is an independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research projects with human participants comply with the TCPS-2 principles and guidelines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is debriefing and what are its goals?

<p>Debriefing is a conversation or communication with the participant that conveys additional information about the study. Its goals are to provide complete information about the study, including about deception that was used, give participants a chance to ask questions, minimize adverse effects, maximize the likelihood that they will feel positively about participation, and ask for cooperation in not discussing the study with others who might participate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define positive correlation and provide an example.

<p>Positive correlation refers to a relationship between two variables in which higher scores or levels of one variable are associated with higher scores or levels of another variable. For example, as the amount of exercise increases, the level of physical fitness also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain negative correlation and give an example.

<p>Negative correlation refers to a relationship between two variables in which higher scores or levels of one variable are associated with lower scores or levels of another variable. For example, as the amount of time spent studying decreases, the test scores tend to decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of values for correlation?

<p>The range of values for correlation is -1.00 to +1.00.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a value of +1.00 or -1.00 indicate?

<p>A value of +1.00 or -1.00 indicates a perfect correlation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three requirements for establishing causation.

<p>The three requirements for establishing causation are: 1. Covariation of X and Y (as X changes, Y changes), 2. Temporal order (changes in X occur before changes in Y), 3. Absence of plausible alternative explanations (X must be the only or best explanation for changes in Y).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of experimentation in social psychological research?

<p>The purpose of experimentation in social psychological research is to allow for causal inferences and describe the mechanisms of the social psychological world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define operational definition and explain its purpose.

<p>An operational definition is a precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated. It is used to define a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure or manipulate it. The purpose of an operational definition is to convert abstract, hypothetical, or nonobservable constructs into things that can be measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between theories and hypotheses?

<p>Theories are explanations for a set of observations or phenomena, while hypotheses are specific predictions derived from theories that can be tested through research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of observational methods in psychological research?

<p>Observational methods involve observing people and systematically recording measurements of their behavior. They are useful for studying the behavior of a group and can vary in the degree to which the observer interacts with the situation/observees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is naturalistic observation and when is it used?

<p>Naturalistic observation is the act of watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation. It is used to observe behavior as it naturally occurs, without any interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is archival analysis and what types of documents can be examined?

<p>Archival analysis is a form of observational method where the researcher examines accumulated documents or archives of a culture. Examples of documents that can be examined include diaries, novels, newspapers, photographs, personal letters, government documents, emails, corporate bylaws, advertisements, and magazines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a correlation coefficient and what does it measure?

<p>A correlation coefficient is a numerical value that assesses the relationship between two variables. It measures the strength and direction of the relationship, with values ranging from -1.00 to +1.00.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define hindsight bias and provide an example.

<p>Hindsight bias refers to the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to predict an outcome after knowing that it occurred. An example of hindsight bias is when someone claims they knew all along that a certain event would happen, even though they did not actually predict it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable in the context of social psychology?

<p>In the context of social psychology, a variable is any factor or attribute that can have two or more values. It can be an event or behavior that has at least two outcomes, or an aspect of a testing condition that can be changed or changes as a result of manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

<p>A theory is an organized set of principles that explains observed phenomena, providing a framework for understanding relationships between variables or events. On the other hand, a hypothesis is a testable statement or idea about the relationship between two or more variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can social questions and problems be studied scientifically?

<p>Social questions and problems can be studied scientifically through systematic and empirical investigation. This involves putting ideas to the test and conducting research using rigorous methods and data collection techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting empirical research in social psychology?

<p>The purpose of conducting empirical research in social psychology is to gather evidence-based knowledge and understanding about social phenomena. It allows researchers to test hypotheses, make informed conclusions, and contribute to the scientific understanding of human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a biased perception of outcomes for events that actually happened.

<p>An example of a biased perception of outcomes for events that actually happened is when someone believes they could have predicted the outcome of a sports match after knowing the final score, even though they did not make any accurate predictions during the game.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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