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Questions and Answers
Which explorer is known for claiming lands from Newfoundland to the Chesapeake Bay on behalf of England?
Which explorer is known for claiming lands from Newfoundland to the Chesapeake Bay on behalf of England?
What was a major outcome of the Spanish voyages to the Americas, highlighted by Columbus's journey in 1492?
What was a major outcome of the Spanish voyages to the Americas, highlighted by Columbus's journey in 1492?
Which disease was responsible for significant declines in Native American populations?
Which disease was responsible for significant declines in Native American populations?
Which law contributed to younger sons seeking exploration opportunities due to inheritance issues?
Which law contributed to younger sons seeking exploration opportunities due to inheritance issues?
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Which tool, improved by Muslims, was crucial for sailors to determine their latitude?
Which tool, improved by Muslims, was crucial for sailors to determine their latitude?
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Which term refers to people of European descent born in the Americas?
Which term refers to people of European descent born in the Americas?
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What was the purpose of the Timar system in the Ottoman Empire?
What was the purpose of the Timar system in the Ottoman Empire?
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Which of the following systems involved coerced labor in Spanish colonies in the Americas?
Which of the following systems involved coerced labor in Spanish colonies in the Americas?
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What was the significant cultural period in Japan that developed its own identity while influenced by Chinese culture?
What was the significant cultural period in Japan that developed its own identity while influenced by Chinese culture?
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In what way did slavery in Islamic societies differ from hereditary slavery found in Europe or the Americas?
In what way did slavery in Islamic societies differ from hereditary slavery found in Europe or the Americas?
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Which dynasty significantly influenced the spread of Islam in Europe, particularly from its capital in Córdoba?
Which dynasty significantly influenced the spread of Islam in Europe, particularly from its capital in Córdoba?
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What was the primary function of the tributary system in China?
What was the primary function of the tributary system in China?
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What type of printing technology was developed during the Tang and Song dynasties, which influenced literacy?
What type of printing technology was developed during the Tang and Song dynasties, which influenced literacy?
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Which system enabled the Song Dynasty to select government officials based on merit rather than social class?
Which system enabled the Song Dynasty to select government officials based on merit rather than social class?
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What characterized the Chola Dynasty's rule in southern India?
What characterized the Chola Dynasty's rule in southern India?
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Which philosophical movement combined Confucian ethics with Buddhist and Daoist elements?
Which philosophical movement combined Confucian ethics with Buddhist and Daoist elements?
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What was a notable feature regarding the status of women in Islamic societies concerning marriage?
What was a notable feature regarding the status of women in Islamic societies concerning marriage?
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What system describes the military strategy involving small, flexible units that employed ambush tactics in warfare?
What system describes the military strategy involving small, flexible units that employed ambush tactics in warfare?
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What was a major outcome of the Scientific and Scholarly Transfer from the Islamic world?
What was a major outcome of the Scientific and Scholarly Transfer from the Islamic world?
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Which statement accurately describes the role of women in a matrilineal society?
Which statement accurately describes the role of women in a matrilineal society?
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Which dynasty is known for its contributions to the Golden Age of India?
Which dynasty is known for its contributions to the Golden Age of India?
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What was the primary focus of the Bhakti movement in Hinduism?
What was the primary focus of the Bhakti movement in Hinduism?
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What was the largest city of the Mississippian Culture?
What was the largest city of the Mississippian Culture?
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What architectural feature symbolizes the blending of Islamic and Hindu styles in India?
What architectural feature symbolizes the blending of Islamic and Hindu styles in India?
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Which of the following best describes the significance of the Zanj Rebellion?
Which of the following best describes the significance of the Zanj Rebellion?
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Which factor contributed to the decline of the Mississippian Culture?
Which factor contributed to the decline of the Mississippian Culture?
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What characterized the governance of the Ottomans after their establishment?
What characterized the governance of the Ottomans after their establishment?
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What was a common reason that people entered into debt bondage in East Africa?
What was a common reason that people entered into debt bondage in East Africa?
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What is the significance of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca?
What is the significance of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca?
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What is a key characteristic of the Sufi branch of Islam?
What is a key characteristic of the Sufi branch of Islam?
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How did the Battle of Tours impact Islamic expansion into Western Europe?
How did the Battle of Tours impact Islamic expansion into Western Europe?
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What was the significance of tribute collected by the Aztecs?
What was the significance of tribute collected by the Aztecs?
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What technological advancement was crucial for maritime navigation and trade?
What technological advancement was crucial for maritime navigation and trade?
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Which of the following was a key feature of the Grand Canal in China?
Which of the following was a key feature of the Grand Canal in China?
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Which empire is described as having a significant impact on the political landscape through its military and diplomatic strategies?
Which empire is described as having a significant impact on the political landscape through its military and diplomatic strategies?
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What became the official language of Pakistan that developed from the fusion of Hindi with Arabic and Persian?
What became the official language of Pakistan that developed from the fusion of Hindi with Arabic and Persian?
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What role did griots and griotte play in their societies?
What role did griots and griotte play in their societies?
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Which of the following statements is true about chattel slavery?
Which of the following statements is true about chattel slavery?
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Which event is associated with long-term impacts on European and Muslim relations, along with cultural exchanges?
Which event is associated with long-term impacts on European and Muslim relations, along with cultural exchanges?
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What was the significant impact of the introduction of Champa rice in China?
What was the significant impact of the introduction of Champa rice in China?
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What major contribution did the Mayans make to mathematics?
What major contribution did the Mayans make to mathematics?
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What was the primary cultural outcome of the interaction between Hinduism and Islam in South Asia?
What was the primary cultural outcome of the interaction between Hinduism and Islam in South Asia?
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How did Henry of Navarre’s conversion to Catholicism serve his political objectives?
How did Henry of Navarre’s conversion to Catholicism serve his political objectives?
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Which statement accurately describes the role of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
Which statement accurately describes the role of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
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What was one significant achievement of St. Thomas Aquinas?
What was one significant achievement of St. Thomas Aquinas?
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Which system allowed a man to have multiple wives and became more common in African societies impacted by the slave trade?
Which system allowed a man to have multiple wives and became more common in African societies impacted by the slave trade?
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What significant political change occurred during the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
What significant political change occurred during the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
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Which title refers to the ancient Islamic empire that ruled northern India from the 13th to the 16th century?
Which title refers to the ancient Islamic empire that ruled northern India from the 13th to the 16th century?
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Which of the following empires is known for its conquest of key Christian strongholds in Southeastern Europe?
Which of the following empires is known for its conquest of key Christian strongholds in Southeastern Europe?
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What was the specified social structure in Mississippian society when it came to lineage and inheritance?
What was the specified social structure in Mississippian society when it came to lineage and inheritance?
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Who was a former slave that became a powerful political figure and the mother of a sultan?
Who was a former slave that became a powerful political figure and the mother of a sultan?
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Which sailing vessel was designed by the Portuguese for long voyages and featured three masts?
Which sailing vessel was designed by the Portuguese for long voyages and featured three masts?
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What was the name of the capital city of the Aztec Empire, known for its significant infrastructure?
What was the name of the capital city of the Aztec Empire, known for its significant infrastructure?
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What is the term for the forced transportation of Africans to the Americas driven by European colonial powers?
What is the term for the forced transportation of Africans to the Americas driven by European colonial powers?
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Which prominent philosopher from al-Andalus wrote extensively on law and science, influencing Christian and Jewish thinkers?
Which prominent philosopher from al-Andalus wrote extensively on law and science, influencing Christian and Jewish thinkers?
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Which type of slavery involved individuals working within households performing domestic duties?
Which type of slavery involved individuals working within households performing domestic duties?
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Which revolution led to the political change of having a Protestant monarch take over from a Catholic king in England?
Which revolution led to the political change of having a Protestant monarch take over from a Catholic king in England?
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Which empire is recognized for its vast territory spanning from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, promoting trade and idea exchange?
Which empire is recognized for its vast territory spanning from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, promoting trade and idea exchange?
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Which civilization is known for establishing a trade network connecting to North African and Arab merchants in the early medieval era?
Which civilization is known for establishing a trade network connecting to North African and Arab merchants in the early medieval era?
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Study Notes
European Exploration and Colonization
- John Cabot sailed for England, claiming lands from Newfoundland to the Chesapeake Bay.
- Vasco da Gama expanded trade between India and Europe.
- Diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza decimated native American populations.
- The Indian Ocean Slave Trade involved enslaved East Africans transported to the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia.
- Peninsulares were Spanish-born elites in Latin America.
- Henry Hudson, representing the Dutch, explored the East Coast of North America for a northwest passage.
- Jamestown, Virginia, was the first successful English colony in North America, marking the beginning of English colonial expansion.
- Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River, claiming land for France.
- Samuel de Champlain founded the French colony of Quebec.
- The Age of Exploration, beginning with Columbus's voyage in 1492, and Magellan's circumnavigation, led to European voyages to and colonization of the Americas
- Caravel was a three-masted Portuguese sailing ship designed in the 15th century.
- Primogeniture Laws, where the eldest son inherited estates, motivated younger sons to explore.
- Christopher Columbus opened European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
Asian Empires and Cultures
- Akbar attempted religious tolerance and syncretic religious practices in his empire.
- The astrolabe (improved by Muslims), allowed sailors to determine latitude.
- Criollos were people of European descent born in the Americas.
- Queue was a traditional Manchu hairstyle forced on Han Chinese men.
- Timar was a land and tax system to reward soldiers in the Ottoman Empire.
- Viziers were senior advisors in the Ottoman Empire.
- Janissaries were elite soldiers in the Ottoman Empire.
- Jizya was a tax on non-Muslims in Islamic empires.
- Indentured Servitude involved Europeans contracting for a period of work before freedom.
- Encomienda and Hacienda Systems were coerced labor systems in Spanish colonies.
- Mercantilism was the European pursuit of wealth through controlled trade and accumulating precious metals.
- Louis XIV's absolutism was famously expressed as "I am the state."
Other Key Historical Developments
- Manchu: Rulers imposed their culture on Han Chinese.
- Boyars: Russian nobility with conflicts with rulers like Ivan IV.
- Roxelana: A former slave who became a powerful, influential figure and mother of a sultan.
- Harem Politics: Political intrigue among women in the sultan's harem.
- Ming decline: The Ming dynasty declined due to financial mismanagement, military campaigns and rebellions.
- Property Rights: Islamic women had the right to inherit property, a significant advancement compared to other societies.
- Sufism: A mystical branch of Islam focused on personal experience with God.
- Scientific & Scholarly Transfer: The transfer of knowledge from Islamic world.
- Grand Canal: Chinese water transportation project facilitated internal trade.
- Mongol Empire: The unified vast region from Central Asia to China via trade, ideas, and technology exchange.
- Axum An early Christian kingdom in Ethiopia.
- Domestic Slavery: Slaves worked in households in ancient and other times.
- Private Tax Collection: in Ming and Ottoman empires.
- Shariah: Islamic law with unequal valuations of women's court testimony.
- Christianity: Spread to Ethiopia in the 12th century.
- Sundiata: Mali's founding ruler likely Muslim and established trade links.
- Mansa Musa: Sundiata's nephew known for his Mecca pilgrimage.
- Urdu: A language that emerged from the blending of Hindi, Arabic, and Persian.
- Bhakti Movement: A devotional movement in Hinduism.
- Delhi Sultanate: An Islamic empire in northern India from 13th to 16th centuries.
- Northwest Passage: A hypothesized route through/around North America to reach Asia.
- Caravel: A small, maneuverable Portuguese sailing vessel useful for long voyages.
- Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan): The three main branches of Buddhism in Asia, each distinct in practices and interpretations but sharing core beliefs.
- Inca Empire: Built a substantial empire in South America.
- Mayan Government: Mayan city-states ruled by kings, frequently engaged in war to capture prisoners for sacrifice, rather than land.
- Mayan Achievements: Developed concepts of zero, writing, calendars, and even created rubber.
- Mayan Religion: Mayan society was Polytheistic, with priests.
- Tenochtitlán: The capital city of the Aztec Empire with advanced infrastructure (including aqueducts, and floating gardens)
- Aztec Empire: Migrated to central Mexico and formed a powerful empire by conquering surrounding regions.
- Female Infanticide: Forbidden practice by Muhammad, reflecting the effort to improve the status of women.
- Cahokia: The largest city of the Mississippian Culture, with significant mounds and complex society, agricultural systems, and trade routes.
African Kingdoms and Societies
- Mali Empire: A powerful West African kingdom by the 12th century, wealth built on the gold trade.
- Timbuktu: A prominent city in Mali, known as a center of learning and trade.
- Kinship-Based Societies: Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa organized around family and clan connections, not large centralized states.
- Compass: A navigational technology developed in China.
- Olmec Influence: Foundation of later Mesoamerican cultures, including the practice of pyramid building and human sacrifice.
- Zanj: The Arabic term for enslaved East Africans, often involved in the Indian Ocean slave trade.
- Chattel Slavery: Considered property, with no rights for slaves.
- Griots and Griottes: Oral historians who preserved and passed down family and cultural history.
- Debt Bondage: Involved enslavement to repay debts.
Other Regions and Time Periods
- Tang Dynasty: (618–907) A culturally rich Chinese dynasty, that expanded trade, and promoted the initial spread of Buddhism.
- Song Dynasty: (960–1279) A prominent Chinese dynasty of technological, economic, and cultural advancement.
- Qutub Minar: A significant monument in Delhi, symbolising Islamic rule in India (incorporating Hindu architectural styles).
- Jin Dynasty: Established by the Jurchen after invading and overthrowing the Song Dynasty in northern China.
- Umayyads: Islamic state in Spain, with a capital in Córdoba, and encouraged intellectual and cultural exchange.
- Gupta Dynasty: Indian dynasty that brought about a Golden Age (circa 320-550).
- Mississippian Culture (700 - 800 CE), constructed large earthworks in the Mississippi River Valley, such as the city of Cahokia.
Political and Social Structures
- Feudalism: System of governance based on land and loyalty.
- Bureaucracy: Song Dynasty expanded state administration, appointing officials based on performance.
- Meritocracy Song Dynasty promoted officials based on abilities and achievements, rather than social status or wealth.
- Civil Service Exam: The Song Dynasty system for selecting officials based on merit.
- Shogun Military leader in Japan who often held power above the Emperor.
- Daimyo Powerful land-owning feudal lords in Japan.
- Tributes Goods or money given to the Chinese Emperor as a sign of respect.
- Patronage Support for art, culture and architecture to legitimize power.
- Matrilineal Society In some cultures, lineage and inheritance passed through the maternal line.
- Vijayanagara Empire: Hindu empire in Southern India.
- Zanj Rebellion: Unsuccessful slave revolt in the 9th century, capturing Basra
- Al-Andalus: Islamic State in Spain that was prominent during intellectual advancement.
- Harem: A private space in households, reserved for women.
- Merit-based Bureaucracy (Vietnam): Vietnam's bureaucracy prioritized loyalty to villages, unlike loyalty to a Chinese Emperor.
- Foot Binding Restricted women's growth, a social symbol in Song China.
- Proto-industrialization: A pre-industrial period where goods production occurred largely outside factory settings but for a larger market.
- Woodblock Printing: Printing technology developed in China that allowed for book mass production, impacting literacy.
- Chola Dynasty: Tamil dynasty in southern India, expanding control to Sri Lanka.
- Neo-Confucianism A philosophical/religious movement incorporating Confucianism , Daoism and Buddhism.
- Rajput Kingdoms: Hindu kingdoms in Northern India.
- Jizya: A tax imposed on non-Muslims in Islamic regions.
- Chan Buddhism (Zen Buddhism): A form of Buddhism that developed in China.
- Kowtow A deep respect act of kneeling and bowing in Chinese culture.
- Guerilla Warfare: Warfare involving small-scale ambushes.
Religious and Philosophical Developments
- Confucianism: A system of ethics and morality focusing on social harmony and the teachings of Confucius.
- Syncretism: The combination of different religious/cultural traditions.
- Sufism: Mystical branch of Islam emphasizing personal experience of the divine.
- St. Thomas Aquinas: Christian scholar influenced by Muslim scholars.
- Maimonides: Jewish philosopher in Europe.
- Mira Bai: A devotional poet in the Bhakti movement.
- Lal Ded (Mohter Lala): A Kashmiri mystic poet who bridged the gap between Hinduism and Islam.
- The Glorious Revolution The ousting of a Catholic King in England in favor of a Protestant.
- Luther’s 95 Theses: Started the Protestant Reformation, challenging the Church.
- John Wycliffe and Jan Hus: Christian reformers critiquing Church practices.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
- Atlantic Slave Trade: The forced transportation of Africans to the Americas.
- Mulattos: People of mixed European and African ancestry.
- Mestizos: People of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry.
- Polygyny: A form of marriage where a man has more than one wife, prevalent in some affected African societies.
- Sea Dogs: English pirates who attacked Spanish ships.
Other Important Events
- The Crusades: Wars aimed at reclaiming the holy lands in the Middle East.
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Description
Test your knowledge of early exploration and colonization in America. This quiz covers key explorers, major historical outcomes, disease impacts on Native American populations, and the laws that influenced exploration. Challenge yourself with questions on the era's significant figures and events.
