Questions and Answers
What does Expectancy Theory propose about individual behavior?
Individual behavior is influenced by the expectation that an act will lead to a certain outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome.
The probability perceived by the individual that exerting effort will lead to performance is known as __________.
effort-performance linkage
What is the performance-reward linkage in Expectancy Theory?
It is the degree to which an individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome.
Which of the following statements is true regarding Goal-Setting Theory?
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Reinforcement Theory suggests that behavior is primarily influenced by internal factors.
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What is a key feature of open-book management?
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What are pay-for-performance programs based on?
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In reinforcement theory, the consequences that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated are called __________.
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Studies show that pay-for-performance programs are ineffective.
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Study Notes
Expectancy Theory
- Expectancy theory posits that behavior is motivated by expected outcomes and their attractiveness.
- Key components include:
- Effort-performance linkage (expectancy): Perception that effort leads to performance.
- Performance-reward linkage (instrumentality): Belief that performance leads to desired outcomes.
- Attractiveness of reward (valence): Importance assigned to potential rewards by the individual.
- Four inherent features:
- Perceived outcomes of a job.
- Attractiveness of these outcomes.
- Required behaviors to achieve outcomes.
- Individual’s assessment of their chances of success.
Goal-Setting Theory
- Specific and challenging goals enhance performance; accepted difficult goals yield higher output compared to easy goals or vague objectives.
- Intention and commitment towards goals are major motivational factors.
- Participation in goal-setting can be beneficial but is not always necessary.
- Feedback significantly affects performance; self-generated feedback is particularly motivating.
- Contingencies in goal-setting theory include:
- Feedback's influence on goal achievement.
- Goal commitment, strengthened by public acknowledgment and personal investment.
- Self-efficacy, which relates to belief in one's ability to succeed.
- Cultural influences on goal orientation.
- Intentions defined by hard and specific goals can drive motivation and performance but may not increase job satisfaction.
Reinforcement Theory
- Behavior is shaped primarily by its consequences; motivation is externally driven.
- Reinforcers are consequences that enhance the likelihood of behaviors being repeated.
- Contrary to goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory does not consider internal factors like goals and needs.
- People are more likely to engage in desired behaviors if rewarded immediately.
- Punished or unrewarded behaviors are less likely to recur.
- Managers can effectively influence behavior by reinforcing positive work behaviors.
Open Book Management
- This motivational approach entails sharing financial data with all employees.
- Aims to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility for organizational outcomes.
- Successful implementation requires employee education on financial concepts.
- Encourages inclusive decision-making and transparency, treating employees as partners to boost productivity.
Pay-for-Performance Programs
- Compensation tied to performance measures aligns with expectancy theory principles.
- Their popularity is driven by motivations for enhanced performance and cost-efficiency.
- Research indicates that these programs are effective in improving employee performance.
Integrating Motivational Theories
- A simplified expectancy model incorporates aspects of achievement-need, reinforcement, and equity theories.
- Rewards are crucial for motivating individuals across various motivational frameworks.
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Description
This quiz covers the key components and concepts of Expectancy Theory, which explains how behavior is motivated by expected outcomes. Explore the concepts of effort-performance linkage, performance-reward linkage, and the attractiveness of rewards. Understanding these principles can provide insight into motivation in various contexts.
