Exercise, Immunity, and HIV Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the role of apoptosis in the context of exercise and immunity?

Apoptosis is consistently accelerated by all forms of exercise, leading to immune suppression.

Apoptosis is only triggered during intense exercise in older adults, causing adverse effects.

Exercise-induced apoptosis always leads to a pronounced inflammatory response, potentially harming the body.

Apoptosis can be delayed by some exercise conditions, but exercise-induced apoptosis is a normal process for removing damaged cells without causing inflammation. (correct)

An athlete who trains intensely several times a week is most likely to experience which of the following?

A sustained increase in inflammatory cytokines, leading to chronic inflammation.

Consistent enhancement of NK cell activity despite repeated intense workouts.

An improvement in T and B cell function, reducing risk of infection

A decline in NK cell concentration and cytolytic activity below pre-exercise levels after intense and long duration exercise. (correct)

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders?

Primary immunodeficiency is caused by genetic defects, while secondary is acquired due to factors like age, malnutrition, or infections. (correct)

Primary immunodeficiency is the less common of the two, starting in adulthood, while secondary is more common, starting in childhood.

Primary immunodeficiency is characterized by an overactive immune response, while secondary has a suppressed response.

Primary immunodeficiency is caused by infections, whereas secondary is due to genetic defects.

How do moderate and intense exercise typically affect the inflammatory response?

Moderate exercise, resistance training and long-lasting endurance exercise is known to induce proinflammatory cytokines while intense exercise often suppresses immune function and induces an acute-phase response. (A) Signup and view all the answers

An older adult with a mild upper respiratory infection (e.g., runny nose) wants to exercise. What is the most appropriate recommendation based on the text provided?

Perform the scheduled workout cautiously at half speed if symptoms are located above the neck. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical symptomatic manifestation observed when a patient's CD4 count is between 200-500 cells/mm³?

Generalized adenopathy, nausea, diarrhea, fever, or neurological symptoms (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between HIV antibodies and the acute HIV infection phase?

HIV antibodies are typically detected 1-3 weeks after acute HIV infection. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cellular target of the HIV retrovirus during the initial infection?

T4 (helper) lymphocytes or CD4+ cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'viral load' usually indicate in the context of advanced HIV disease?

The concentration of HIV viral particles in the blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, where does HIV 'settle in' after the acute infection phase?

Lymphoid tissue, such as lymph nodes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the immune system?

To eliminate infectious agents and abnormal 'self' components while preserving the body's own tissues. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems in their response to pathogens?

Innate immune cells instantly recognize common patterns of pathogens, offering immediate defense, while adaptive cells respond specifically based on prior exposure. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does active immunity differ from other forms of immunity in terms of antigen exposure and lasting protection?

Active immunity results from the body producing antibodies following exposure to an antigen, leading to immunological memory and long-term protection. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cell selection processes, such as positive and negative selection, in the context of immunologic tolerance?

Positive selection verifies that T cells can recognize peptides presented by the host's MHC, while negative selection eliminates T cells that react to 'self' peptides, preventing autoimmune reactions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do B cells contribute to the adaptive immune response at a molecular level, considering both antibodies and immunoglobulins?

B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies which consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, with immunoglobulins having multiple domains on their heavy chains. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Immune System

The immune system's primary function is to eliminate infectious agents and abnormal cells, such as cancer cells, without harming the body's own tissues.
It maintains a state of balance; an appropriate response is generated to control the invader, and the system returns to equilibrium when a threat is encountered.
Most pathogens are contacted after inhalation or ingestion.

Cells of the Immune System

Three broad groups:
- Innate: Monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and natural killer cells
- Adaptive: B and T cells (Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells) or lymphocytes
- Combination: Macrophages and dendritic cells

Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

Innate:
- First line of defense
- Molecular and cellular defense mechanisms present before exposure
- Limits infection spread and eliminates some pathogens
- Initiates and develops adaptive immunity
- Does not remember specific invaders

Specific Immune System

Adaptive Immunity:
- Goal: Identify threat, promote an effective immune response, destroy/remove invader, and create long-term memory
- Requires days/weeks for a full effect
- Activated when a pathogen enters the body, provoking a targeted response
- Highly effective on repeated encounters

Active Immunity

Protection gained by introducing an antigen (molecule that binds to antibody or T-cell receptor) either naturally or through vaccination
Deliberate exposure to harmless versions/components of a pathogen generates immunologic memory.

Antigens and Antibodies

Antigens: Bacteria, viruses, parasites, foreign tissues, large proteins that interact with antigen receptors in the body
Antibodies: Produced by B cells, consisting of two identical heavy (H) and two identical light (L) chains. The heavy chain contains immunoglobulin domains.

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Immunoglobulins directly target and neutralize antigens via mechanisms like agglutination, precipitation and lysis.
Activate complement system, trigger anaphylaxis, and stimulate antibody-mediated hypersensitivity.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Protects the host against infection by intracellular pathogens.
T cells destroy microbes surviving in infected cells' cytoplasm or phagocytic vesicles.
Can be detrimental, causing rejection of transplanted tissue or autoimmune diseases.

Selection and Immunologic Tolerance

Positive Selection: Ensures that T cells can identify peptides bound to the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) of the host.
Negative Selection: Deletes T cells recognizing "self" peptides of the host.
Immunologic Tolerance: The immune system does not react to self-antigens presented by the MHC.

Key Points

Immune system maintains balance, responding appropriately to threats.
It distinguishes itself from 'invaders' and eliminates foreign infectious agents and abnormal cells, without harming the body’s own tissues.
Most pathogens are encountered after inhalation or ingestion.

Phases of the Immune Response

Recognition: Innate receptors identify invaders; Adaptive immune cells recognize highly specific antigens.
Amplification: Production of soluble factors promotes recruitment of immune cells.
Effector: Removal of antigens (e.g., phagocytosis, lysis, neutralization).
Termination: Immune response is regulated to prevent excessive activity. Immune cells have memory for previously encountered antigens that allow a more rapid response in future encounters.

Factors Affecting Immunity

Nutrition: Calorie/protein deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, and antibiotic use can depress T and B cell function.
Burns: Decreased intact skin reduces external defenses.
Exercise: Both moderate and intensive exercise can affect immune function.
Aging: The immune system's function declines (immunosenescence).
Diseases: Illnesses like HIV/AIDS, chronic fatigue syndrome, and autoimmune diseases interfere with immune processes.
Stress/Lifestyle: Stressful conditions including hospitalization, environmental toxins increase susceptibility to pathogens.
Other: Medications, chemotherapy and immunosuppression affect immune function,

Immunodefeciency Disorders

Primary: Genetic defects affecting innate/adaptive immunity, complement proteins, or phagocytes; often present in children.
Secondary: Most common, caused by infection, aging, malnutrition, chemotherapy, immunosuppression/AIDS.

HIV

Prevalence: Estimated at 1.18 million in 2019
New Diagnoses: 36,801 in US and dependent areas 2019
Demographic Factors: New diagnoses most prevalent among gay/bisexual men, and among heterosexual adults, and people who inject drugs.
Prevalence increases with age

HIV Life Cycle

Stages of HIV's reproduction within a host cell. Steps include binding, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, replication, assembly, and budding. Medications target different stages to block virus reproduction.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of HIV

Early stage (acute) resembles flu and progresses through stages characterized by asymptotic infection (no outward symptoms despite virus replication), symptomatic HIV illness (weak immune system leading to illness), and finally AIDS (severe immune weakness).
Clinical presentation includes neurological disease, myalgia/arthralgia, serositis, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, other conditions

Exercise, Aging, and Apoptosis

Exercise can regulate the immune system, delaying immunosenescence (decline in immune function related to aging).
Exercise can affect programmed cell death; in some cases delay the onset.

Disorders of the Immune System

Immunodeficiency diseases (HIV/AIDS, Chronic fatigue syndrome)
Hypersensitivity disorders (Type I to Type IV)
Autoimmune disorders (SLE, Fibromyalgia)

Hypersensitivity Disorders

Inaccurate or over-reactive immune response to a substance, leading to reaction against the body’s own cells or tissues.
Types of hypersensitivity reactions (Type I-IV).

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

Unexplained fatigue lasting more than six months
Impacts multiple systems including cognitive function, sleep, and autonomic nervous system.
Associated with immune system dysfunction.

Autoimmune Diseases

The body's immune system attacks normal tissues and organs.
Diverse spectrum.
Cause is complex often a combination of genetic, hormonal factors and triggers from the environment.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Systemic autoimmune disorder commonly affecting females.
Characterized by a variety of symptoms affecting many parts of the body, including the kidneys, skin, and joints.

Fibromyalgia

Widespread pain and tenderness with hypersensitivity to various stimuli
Associated with systemic biochemical, and physiological abnormalities in the pain processing and control systems.
Symptoms include fatigue, sleep disturbance, cognitive issues and emotional problems.

Medical Management

HIV: (HAART) antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) or post-exposure prophylaxis.
Other conditions: Treatment strategies differ widely for each disease and often involve symptom management and adjusting lifestyle to minimize further effects on the body.

Implications for Therapists

Healthcare workers must be aware of precautions to prevent occupational exposure.
Assess the patients' symptoms and stage of disease to establish appropriate safety precautions. Exercise caution when providing treatment/managing patients.
Recognize and manage possible complications and provide proper support.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the interplay between exercise, immunity, and HIV. This quiz covers key concepts like apoptosis, immunodeficiency disorders, and the effects of physical activity on inflammation. Explore the complexities of how exercise influences immune function and HIV progression.