Exercise and Thermal Modalities for Older Adults

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of VO2max in the human body?

Determining the amount of oxygen utilized in the muscles during maximal exercise (correct)

Regulating the body's temperature during exercise

Measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Maintaining blood pressure during physical activity

Which of the following changes occurs in the lungs of elderly individuals during expiration?

Increased oxygen consumption

Increased ventilation

Lung collapse (correct)

Lung expansion

What is the result of the increased ventilatory effort in older individuals during exercise?

Decreased blood lactate

Increased muscle strength

Improved cardiovascular fitness

Early fatigue and a higher rating of perceived exertion (correct)

What is the primary reason for the increased ventilatory effort in older individuals during exercise?

To compensate for the resultant acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aging on the inspiratory muscle strength?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is one positive effect of exercise training on the lungs in older people?

Increase in minute ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heart's contractile strength with aging?

It gradually decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is a change that occurs in blood vessels with aging?

They become less elastic Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the maximal heart rate with aging?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of aging on the heart wall?

It becomes stiffer Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased abdominal fat depot?

Metabolic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aging on brain cells and neurons?

Decrease in number Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of atherosclerosis in the brain?

Degenerative changes affecting mental function Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aging on muscle fibers?

Decrease in number Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of decreased dopamine in basal ganglia?

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of chronic illness and medication use in old age?

Reduced cognitive function Signup and view all the answers

What should be the ideal temperature range when exercising older adults?

19.8°C to 22°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the gradual decrease in bone density in older adults?

Decrease in osteoblast activity and normal osteoclast activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated rate of height loss per decade after the age of 40?

1 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of osteoporosis?

Increase in bone mass Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of muscle weakness and bone strength reduction is attributed to ↓ vit.D production?

75% Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the height loss become more pronounced?

70 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of vertebral collapse?

Kyphosis and decreased body height Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chondrocytes producing a slightly different form of gelatinous compound?

Increased stiffness and thickness of joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of loss of flexibility in small joints?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of positioning in supine, side lying, and sitting in the prevention of contractures?

To promote correct joint alignment and reduce stiffness Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of passive stretching in the treatment of contractures?

To regain muscle fiber length Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of deep frictional massage in the treatment of contractures?

To break down adhesions in tendons, muscles, fascia, or ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

VO2max

Indicates the maximum amount of oxygen your body can utilize during intense physical activity.

Lung Changes in Elderly Expiration

Reduced elasticity of lung tissue leads to a slower rate of exhalation.

Increased Ventilatory Effort During Exercise in Elderly

Elderly individuals need to breathe harder to maintain a similar oxygen uptake compared to younger individuals.

Reason for Increased Ventilatory Effort in Elderly

Decreased lung capacity, weaker respiratory muscles, and changes in the chest wall contribute to this.

Effect of Aging on Inspiratory Muscle Strength

Inspiratory muscles become weaker with age, leading to a decline in lung capacity.

Positive Effect of Exercise Training on Lungs in Older People

Exercise training can enhance lung function and improve breathing capacity in older individuals.

Heart's Contractile Strength with Aging

The heart's ability to contract and pump blood weakens with age, leading to reduced cardiac output.

Blood Vessel Changes with Aging

Blood vessels lose elasticity and become stiffer, contributing to increased blood pressure.

Maximal Heart Rate with Aging

Maximal heart rate decreases with age, contributing to a lower heart rate reserve.

Effect of Aging on Heart Wall

The heart wall thickens with age, which can lead to an increase in blood pressure.

Result of Increased Abdominal Fat Depot

Increased abdominal fat leads to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance.

Effect of Aging on Brain Cells and Neurons

Brain cells and neurons decline in number and function with age, influencing cognitive abilities.

Consequence of Atherosclerosis in the Brain

Atherosclerosis narrows blood vessels in the brain, potentially leading to stroke or dementia.

Effect of Aging on Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers decrease in size and number with age, leading to loss of muscle mass and strength.

Consequence of Decreased Dopamine in Basal Ganglia

Reduced dopamine levels in the basal ganglia can lead to movement disorders like Parkinson's disease.

Result of Chronic Illness and Medication Use in Old Age

Chronic illnesses and medications can affect overall health and ability to exercise in older individuals.

Ideal Temperature Range for Exercising Older Adults

The ideal temperature range for exercising older people is between 65-75°F (18-24°C) to prevent overheating.

Reason for Decreased Bone Density in Older Adults

Bone loss accelerates after menopause in women and generally with age, mainly due to a decrease in calcium absorption and bone formation.

Estimated Rate of Height Loss per Decade After Age 40

Height loss after age 40 is estimated to be around 0.25 centimeters per decade, mainly due to spinal compression.

Characteristics of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone density, increased risk of fractures, and weakened bone microarchitecture.

Percentage of Muscle Weakness and Bone Strength Reduction Attributed to ↓ Vit.D Production

Lower Vitamin D production contributes to approximately 20% reduction in muscle strength and bone strength.

Age When Height Loss Becomes More Pronounced

Height loss becomes more pronounced after age 60 due to increased bone density loss and spinal compression.

Consequence of Vertebral Collapse

Vertebral collapse leads to loss of height, back pain, and postural changes.

Effect of Chondrocytes Producing Different Gelatinous Compound

Chondrocytes producing a different type of gelatinous compound in cartilage leads to increased stiffness in joints.

Primary Cause of Loss of Flexibility in Small Joints

Loss of flexibility in small joints is caused by a combination of factors, including cartilage changes, decreased water content, and stiffness in surrounding tissues.

Purpose of Positioning in Supine, Side Lying, and Sitting

Positioning helps prevent contractures by maintaining optimal joint alignment and reducing muscle shortening.

Goal of Passive Stretching in Treatment of Contractures

The goal of passive stretching is to gradually increase joint range of motion and reduce muscle stiffness in contractures.

Benefit of Deep Frictional Massage in Treatment of Contractures

Deep frictional massage helps break down scar tissue and adhesions, promoting flexibility and reducing pain in contractures.

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Description

This quiz covers the importance of considering age when treating individuals with exercises or thermal modalities, including temperature and humidity guidelines, and the effects of aging on the musculoskeletal system, such as osteoporosis, flexibility, and strength. It's essential for healthcare professionals to understand these factors to provide safe and effective treatment. Learn more about exercising safely with older adults and the impact of aging on the musculoskeletal system.