Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which area is important for action initiation in people with Parkinson's disease?
Which area is important for action initiation in people with Parkinson's disease?
- Posterior parietal cortex
- Supplementary somatosensory cortex
- Primary motor cortex (M1)
- Premotor cortex (PMC) (correct)
Which brain region is active for voluntarily switching between two tasks?
Which brain region is active for voluntarily switching between two tasks?
- Primary visual cortex (V1)
- Frontal polar cortex (correct)
- Basal ganglia
- Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Which task is sensitive to frontal lobe impairment and requires people to ignore irrelevant information and switch strategies?
Which task is sensitive to frontal lobe impairment and requires people to ignore irrelevant information and switch strategies?
- Tower of London task
- Stop signal task
- Wisconsin Card-sorting task (correct)
- Self-ordered pointing task
Which brain region is important for computing errors and identifying conflict?
Which brain region is important for computing errors and identifying conflict?
Which brain region is active when people must maintain the goal indicated by a cue and increases in activity when people must switch tasks?
Which brain region is active when people must maintain the goal indicated by a cue and increases in activity when people must switch tasks?
What is the main function of the prefrontal cortex in relation to executive functions?
What is the main function of the prefrontal cortex in relation to executive functions?
Which area of the brain is typically associated with impairments in executive functions following traumatic injury?
Which area of the brain is typically associated with impairments in executive functions following traumatic injury?
What is a key capacity involved in human cognition, distinguishing it from primates?
What is a key capacity involved in human cognition, distinguishing it from primates?
What is the main difference between controlled and automatic processing in cognitive control?
What is the main difference between controlled and automatic processing in cognitive control?
What is a common impairment observed in individuals with frontal lobe damage in relation to initiating actions?
What is a common impairment observed in individuals with frontal lobe damage in relation to initiating actions?
What is the main function of the prefrontal cortex in relation to executive functions?
What is the main function of the prefrontal cortex in relation to executive functions?
What is a common impairment observed in individuals with frontal lobe damage in relation to initiating actions?
What is a common impairment observed in individuals with frontal lobe damage in relation to initiating actions?
Which brain region is active for voluntarily switching between two tasks?
Which brain region is active for voluntarily switching between two tasks?
What is a key capacity involved in human cognition, distinguishing it from primates?
What is a key capacity involved in human cognition, distinguishing it from primates?
Which area of the brain is typically associated with impairments in executive functions following traumatic injury?
Which area of the brain is typically associated with impairments in executive functions following traumatic injury?
What is the main difference between controlled and automatic processing in cognitive control?
What is the main difference between controlled and automatic processing in cognitive control?
Which task is sensitive to frontal lobe impairment and requires people to ignore irrelevant information and switch strategies?
Which task is sensitive to frontal lobe impairment and requires people to ignore irrelevant information and switch strategies?
Which brain region is active for voluntarily switching between two tasks, especially when an active voluntary choice is made?
Which brain region is active for voluntarily switching between two tasks, especially when an active voluntary choice is made?
Which task is sensitive to frontal lobe impairment and requires people to ignore irrelevant information and switch strategies?
Which task is sensitive to frontal lobe impairment and requires people to ignore irrelevant information and switch strategies?
Which brain region is important for computing errors and identifying conflict?
Which brain region is important for computing errors and identifying conflict?
Which brain region is typically associated with impairments in executive functions following traumatic injury?
Which brain region is typically associated with impairments in executive functions following traumatic injury?
Which area of the brain is important for action initiation in people with Parkinson's disease?
Which area of the brain is important for action initiation in people with Parkinson's disease?
Which brain region is active when people must maintain the goal indicated by a cue and increases in activity when people must switch tasks?
Which brain region is active when people must maintain the goal indicated by a cue and increases in activity when people must switch tasks?
Which brain region is active for initiating movements and is involved in Parkinson's disease?
Which brain region is active for initiating movements and is involved in Parkinson's disease?
Which brain region is active for evaluating effort in a study involving squeezing to get apples for a reward?
Which brain region is active for evaluating effort in a study involving squeezing to get apples for a reward?
Match the following brain regions with their roles in executive functions:
Match the following brain regions with their roles in executive functions:
Match the following tasks with their descriptions:
Match the following tasks with their descriptions:
Match the following brain regions with their roles in cognitive control:
Match the following brain regions with their roles in cognitive control:
Match the following impairments with their associated brain regions:
Match the following impairments with their associated brain regions:
Match the following tasks with their sensitivity to frontal lobe impairment:
Match the following tasks with their sensitivity to frontal lobe impairment:
Match the following brain regions with their roles in cognitive control:
Match the following brain regions with their roles in cognitive control:
Match the following tasks with their sensitivity to frontal lobe impairment:
Match the following tasks with their sensitivity to frontal lobe impairment:
Match the following impairments with their associated brain regions:
Match the following impairments with their associated brain regions:
Match the following brain regions with their roles in executive functions:
Match the following brain regions with their roles in executive functions:
Match the following tasks with their descriptions:
Match the following tasks with their descriptions:
Study Notes
Executive Functions
- Executive functions: a group of global processes that allow us to select, plan, sequence, organize, flexibly execute, and evaluate behavior.
- Associated with frontal (and parietal) lobes, which are key capacities involved in human cognition.
- Impaired when having a traumatic injury.
Cognitive Control
- Controlled (actively allocate resources) vs automatic processing.
- Involves selecting, scheduling, switching, or inhibiting.
Case of Dr. P
- Damage to the frontal lobe during facial surgery resulted in:
- No change in IQ (high average) but impaired executive functions.
- Impaired planning of daily activities, relying on instructions.
- Needed prompting to perform daily tasks, such as changing clothes and showering.
- Unaware of his problems, showing no insight.
- Became unsociable, showing little emotion, and no initiative.
Prefrontal Cortex
- Hierarchy of processing: sensorimotor to abstract.
- Sub-regions:
- PMC and vLPFC: direct sensory-motor or response associations.
- dLPFC: manipulating, ordering information or task.
- Frontal polar: switching between tasks, high-level ordering.
- Orbital and medial frontal: evaluation of reward, novelty.
- SMA: sequencing, representing the legs, core, and genitalia.
- ACC: error processing, inhibition, linking between sensory and motor.
- Broca: part of planning.
Executive Functions and Goal-Directed Behavior
- Initiating actions.
- Selecting and maintaining a goal.
- Sequencing and planning.
- Set shifting and modifying goals or strategies.
- Monitoring and evaluation.
- Inhibition.
Initiating Action
- People with frontal lesions have trouble initiating actions.
- Left hemisphere damage: reduced speech.
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Description
Test your knowledge of executive functions with this quiz! Explore the key capacities involved in human cognition and the role of the frontal and parietal lobes in executive function. Challenge yourself to understand the selection, planning, sequencing, organization, flexible execution, and evaluation of behavior that are integral to executive function.
