Podcast
Questions and Answers
Parkinson's is characterized by slowness in the initiation and execution of movement, known as _______.
Parkinson's is characterized by slowness in the initiation and execution of movement, known as _______.
bradykinesia
Many forms of secondary parkinsonism, known as _________ parkinsonism exist.
Many forms of secondary parkinsonism, known as _________ parkinsonism exist.
atypical
Parkinsonism can be seen after the use of _____ drugs, including amphetamine and methamphetamine.
Parkinsonism can be seen after the use of _____ drugs, including amphetamine and methamphetamine.
illicit
Many changes found in the brains of people with PD may play a role in the development of the disease, including a lack of __________.
Many changes found in the brains of people with PD may play a role in the development of the disease, including a lack of __________.
The neurotransmitter, __________ is essential for normal functioning of the extrapyramidal motor system.
The neurotransmitter, __________ is essential for normal functioning of the extrapyramidal motor system.
Match the classic manifestations of Parkinson's Disease with their corresponding letters:
Match the classic manifestations of Parkinson's Disease with their corresponding letters:
Tremors can affect handwriting, causing it to trail off, particularly towards the ______ of words.
Tremors can affect handwriting, causing it to trail off, particularly towards the ______ of words.
Parkinsonian tremors are more prominent at rest and are aggravated by __________ stress or increased concentration.
Parkinsonian tremors are more prominent at rest and are aggravated by __________ stress or increased concentration.
The hand tremor is described as '______ _______' because the thumb and forefinger appear to move in a rotary fashion.
The hand tremor is described as '______ _______' because the thumb and forefinger appear to move in a rotary fashion.
Parkinsonian rigidity is typified by a jerky quality known as _______ rigidity.
Parkinsonian rigidity is typified by a jerky quality known as _______ rigidity.
Bradykinesia, the slowness of movement, accounts for the stooped posture, masked face, drooling of saliva, and shuffling gait known as __________.
Bradykinesia, the slowness of movement, accounts for the stooped posture, masked face, drooling of saliva, and shuffling gait known as __________.
Patients may complain of being unable to stop themselves from going ________ or ____________.
Patients may complain of being unable to stop themselves from going ________ or ____________.
What is the Pull Test used for?
What is the Pull Test used for?
As swallowing becomes more difficult, malnutrition or ________ may result.
As swallowing becomes more difficult, malnutrition or ________ may result.
Match the actions of antiparkinsonian drugs:
Match the actions of antiparkinsonian drugs:
Within 3-5 years of standard Parkinson's drug treatments, many patients experience episodes of ________.
Within 3-5 years of standard Parkinson's drug treatments, many patients experience episodes of ________.
What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
_________ surgery involves targeting and destroying an area of the brain affected by Parkinson's.
_________ surgery involves targeting and destroying an area of the brain affected by Parkinson's.
Transplantation of ______ neural tissue into the basal ganglia aims to provide dopamine producing cells.
Transplantation of ______ neural tissue into the basal ganglia aims to provide dopamine producing cells.
Patients who have dysphagia and bradykinesia need appetizing foods that are easily ________ and ____________.
Patients who have dysphagia and bradykinesia need appetizing foods that are easily ________ and ____________.
It is important to cut food into bite-sized pieces before it is served, and serve it on a warmed plate to preserve its _______.
It is important to cut food into bite-sized pieces before it is served, and serve it on a warmed plate to preserve its _______.
What is the priority nursing intervention for a 65-year-old woman diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease?
What is the priority nursing intervention for a 65-year-old woman diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease?
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Study Notes
Parkinson's Disease Overview
- Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
- Characterized by bradykinesia, increased muscle tone, resting tremors, and gait disturbances.
Symptoms and Manifestations
- Bradykinesia refers to slowness in movement initiation and execution.
- Atypical parkinsonism can result from exposure to chemicals like carbon monoxide and manganese.
- Illicit drug use, such as amphetamines, can lead to parkinsonism symptoms.
- Lack of dopamine is a significant factor in the pathology of PD.
- Dopamine is essential for the normal functioning of the extrapyramidal motor system, responsible for posture and voluntary movements.
Classic Symptoms Mnemonic: T.R.A.P
- T - Tremor
- R - Rigidity
- A - Akinesia
- P - Postural instability
Tremors and Rigidity
- Hand tremors can resemble a "pill rolling" motion with thumb and forefinger.
- Rigidity may present as cogwheel rigidity, characterized by jerky passive movements.
- Tremors are prominent at rest and may worsen with emotional stress.
Postural Instability
- Patients may struggle with postural stability, leading to episodes of hypomobility.
- The Forward Pull Test assesses postural instability through balance evaluation.
Complications
- Difficulty swallowing can lead to malnutrition or aspiration.
- Patients may experience a shuffling gait, stooped posture, and difficulty stopping movement.
Treatment Options
- Antiparkinsonian drugs enhance dopamine release or block cholinergic neuron activity.
- Hypomobility often develops within 3-5 years of standard treatment.
- Deep brain stimulation is a common surgical intervention for symptom management.
- Ablation surgery targets and destroys problematic brain areas associated with PD symptoms.
- Fetal neural tissue transplantation aims to provide dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia.
Dietary Considerations
- Dysphagia and bradykinesia necessitate appetizing, easily chewed and swallowed foods.
- To enhance food appeal, serving size and plate temperature are important considerations.
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