Exam One: Anatomy, Head and Neck

A clinical syndrome characterized by a collection of symptoms affecting one side of the face, including drooping eyelid (ptosis), constricted pupil (miosis), and decreased sweating (anhidrosis).

A transparent, curved structure located in the front of the eye, it plays a role in focusing light onto the retina.

A network of blood vessels located within the choroid layer of the eye, responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

One of the twelve cranial nerves, it controls most of the eye's movements, except for the lateral rectus muscle.

A condition characterized by low bone density, leading to increased risk of fractures. Causes can include dietary deficiencies or hormonal imbalances like low estrogen levels.

Bones that are not paired in the skull, meaning they occur only once. Examples include frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, vomer, and mandible.

A type of bone cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells in the bone.

One of the twelve cranial nerves, responsible for controlling the superior oblique muscle, which helps move the eye downwards and outwards.

Tumors that arise within the brain and can be classified based on their location, size, and whether they are benign or malignant.

A clinical disorder characterized by elevated intraocular pressure due to an excess of aqueous fluid. If left untreated, it can lead to blindness.

A diagnostic procedure involving the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lumbar region of the spine. It is used to diagnose conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord, including meningitis.

The protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. They are made up of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

The colored part of the eye, responsible for controlling the size of the pupil and regulating the amount of light entering the eye.

One of the twelve cranial nerves, primarily responsible for sensory input from the face, including the mouth, teeth, and eyes, but also controls muscles of mastication.

The bones that surround the eye socket, providing structural support and protection for the eye.

One of the twelve cranial nerves, responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle, allowing the eye to move outwards.

A condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure. It can cause neurological impairments.

A process where bone replaces cartilage, forming bones throughout the body. It begins during embryonic development and continues throughout life.

A clinical condition caused by a rupture or weakening of a blood vessel in the brain, leading to bleeding and damage to surrounding tissue. It can cause severe neurological deficits.

Cells responsible for supporting and protecting neurons in the central nervous system. Types include astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes.

A gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and retina in the eye. It helps maintain the shape of the eye and contributes to clarity of vision.

Muscles responsible for facial expressions and movements, such as smiling, frowning, and eye blinking.

The elbow is proximal to the wrist, while the knee is distal to the hip. Proximal means closer to the point of attachment, and distal means further away.

A condition where there is a clouding of the natural lens of the eye, leading to blurred vision and difficulty seeing. This can be caused by aging or other factors.

A disorder that affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the joint that connects the jaw to the skull, leading to pain, clicking, and limited movement.

The cavernous sinus is a large blood vessel that carries blood from the brain to the heart. It is located near the pituitary gland and is susceptible to infection.

A condition characterized by the narrowing of the arteries due to the buildup of plaque, which can lead to reduced blood flow and an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.

One of the twelve cranial nerves that does not pass through the cavernous sinus. It is a mixed nerve responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle.

The process of bone formation where cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. It is responsible for the formation of most bones in the body.

One of the twelve cranial nerves, responsible for controlling the muscles of mastication, which are responsible for chewing.

The constriction of one pupil in response to light shone into the other eye, indicating the integrity of the optic nerve and its pathways.

The area of the retina responsible for the sharpest vision, located in the center of the macula.

The pupils constrict in low light to allow more light to enter, while they dilate in bright light to reduce the amount of light.

Cavities within the skull, connected to the nasal cavity, that help regulate air pressure and temperature, and contribute to voice resonance.

The process where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is circulated around the brain and spinal cord; it helps maintain brain pressure, provide nutrients, and remove waste products.

The lacrimal apparatus helps produce and drain tears. With emotions, the lacrimal gland produces more tears.

Schwann cells are the primary neuroglia found in the peripheral nervous system, responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons, allowing for faster nerve impulse conduction.

A serious infection that affects the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

An infection of the external ear canal, often caused by bacteria or fungi. Symptoms include pain, itching, swelling, and discharge.

The area of the retina that provides the highest visual acuity, containing a high concentration of cone cells.

The occipital lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information. Damage to this area can lead to various visual impairments such as seeing stars, upside-down images, or distorted images.

One of the twelve cranial nerves, responsible for controlling facial expressions and taste perception.

Bones that are found in pairs in the skull, meaning there is one on each side of the head. Examples include parietal bones, temporal bones, maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and inferior nasal conchae.

Inflammation of the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

The blood supply to the head and neck starts with the common carotid arteries, which branch into the internal and external carotid arteries. The internal carotid artery supplies the brain, while the external carotid artery supplies the face and neck. Blood is drained from the head and neck through the jugular veins.

CN I - Olfactory, Sensory, Smell; CN II - Optic, Sensory, Vision; CN III - Oculomotor, Motor, Eye Movements (except lateral rectus); CN IV - Trochlear, Motor, Superior oblique muscle; CN V - Trigeminal, Mixed, Face sensations, Chewing; CN VI - Abducens, Motor, Lateral rectus; CN VII - Facial, Mixed, Facial expressions, Taste; CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear, Sensory, Hearing, Balance; CN IX - Glossopharyngeal, Mixed, Taste, Swallowing, Saliva; CN X - Vagus, Mixed, Parasympathetic, Internal organs; CN XI - Accessory, Motor, Neck muscles; CN XII - Hypoglossal, Motor, Tongue movements.