Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are cranial bones?
Which of the following are cranial bones?
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- All of the above (correct)
What is the function of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
What is the function of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
innervates muscles of facial expression
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
sensory and motor function of TMJ
Which of the following statements is true about the parotid glands?
Which of the following statements is true about the parotid glands?
Where are the submandibular glands located?
Where are the submandibular glands located?
Where are the sublingual glands located?
Where are the sublingual glands located?
Which of the following is true about the thyroid gland?
Which of the following is true about the thyroid gland?
Which of the following structures are part of the thyroid cartilage?
Which of the following structures are part of the thyroid cartilage?
Which of the following are structures in the neck?
Which of the following are structures in the neck?
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
What does the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) control?
What does the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) control?
Which of the following is true about the sternomastoid muscle?
Which of the following is true about the sternomastoid muscle?
Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?
What are lymph nodes?
What are lymph nodes?
Which of the following is a function of the spleen?
Which of the following is a function of the spleen?
Where are the tonsils located and what is their function?
Where are the tonsils located and what is their function?
What is the function of the thymus?
What is the function of the thymus?
What is acute lymphangitis?
What is acute lymphangitis?
Define Hodgkin's/non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Define Hodgkin's/non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
What is the cause of mono?
What is the cause of mono?
What is streptococcal pharyngitis?
What is streptococcal pharyngitis?
What is a retropharyngeal abscess?
What is a retropharyngeal abscess?
Define rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Define rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Which of the following is true about cat scratch fever?
Which of the following is true about cat scratch fever?
Define AIDS
Define AIDS
Define lymphedema
Define lymphedema
Where are the preauricular nodes located?
Where are the preauricular nodes located?
Where are the occipital nodes located?
Where are the occipital nodes located?
Where are the submental nodes located?
Where are the submental nodes located?
Where are sublingual nodes located?
Where are sublingual nodes located?
Where are retropharyngeal (tonsillar) nodes located?
Where are retropharyngeal (tonsillar) nodes located?
Where are the anterior cervical chain nodes located?
Where are the anterior cervical chain nodes located?
Where are the deep cervical chain nodes located?
Where are the deep cervical chain nodes located?
Which of the following is true about the supraclavicular nodes?
Which of the following is true about the supraclavicular nodes?
Define fontanels
Define fontanels
When does the triangle-shaped posterior fontanel close?
When does the triangle-shaped posterior fontanel close?
When does the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel close?
When does the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel close?
By what age does head size reaches 90% of final size?
By what age does head size reaches 90% of final size?
Which of the following is true about lymphoid tissue in children?
Which of the following is true about lymphoid tissue in children?
Which of the following are facial bone growth rates in children?
Which of the following are facial bone growth rates in children?
Which of the following are adolescent changes in boys?
Which of the following are adolescent changes in boys?
What thyroid changes occur during pregnancy?
What thyroid changes occur during pregnancy?
Which of the following are facial changes in aging adults?
Which of the following are facial changes in aging adults?
Which of the following is true about headaches?
Which of the following is true about headaches?
Flashcards
Cranial Bones
Cranial Bones
Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones.
Cranial Sutures
Cranial Sutures
Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid.
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Innervates muscles of facial expression.
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Provides sensory and motor function of the TMJ.
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Parotid Glands
Parotid Glands
Largest salivary gland, located in cheeks over the mandible.
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Submandibular Glands
Submandibular Glands
Located beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw.
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Sublingual Glands
Sublingual Glands
Located on the floor of the mouth.
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
Endocrine gland that creates and secretes T3 and T4 (metabolism).
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Thyroid Cartilage
Thyroid Cartilage
Adam's apple; part of the larynx.
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Neck Structures
Neck Structures
Vessels, muscles, nerves, lymphatics, and viscera of respiratory and digestive systems.
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Internal Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Supplies blood to the brain.
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External Carotid Artery
External Carotid Artery
Supplies blood to the face, salivary glands, and superficial temporal area.
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Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Controls sternomastoid and trapezius muscles.
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Sternomastoid Muscle
Sternomastoid Muscle
Head rotation/flexion; divides neck into anterior and posterior triangles.
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Lymphatic System Functions
Lymphatic System Functions
Absorbs excess fluid, immunity, and absorbs lipids from digestive tract.
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Lymph Nodes
Lymph Nodes
Small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue along lymphatic vessels.
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Spleen
Spleen
Destroys old blood cells, produces antibodies, stores RBCs, and filters microorganisms.
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Tonsils
Tonsils
Located at the entrance to the respiratory and GI tracts; respond to local inflammation.
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Thymus
Thymus
Gland in the upper chest where T cells mature.
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Acute Lymphangitis
Acute Lymphangitis
Inflammation/activation of the lymphatic system.
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Hodgkin's/Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Hodgkin's/Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Types of lymphatic cancer; symptoms similar to cold/virus.
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
A common cause of mononucleosis (mono).
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Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Infection with Streptococcus bacteria.
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Retropharyngeal Abscess
Retropharyngeal Abscess
An emergency that can cause drooling, voice change, and airway occlusion.
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Lymphedema
Lymphedema
Swelling due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues.
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Preauricular Nodes
Preauricular Nodes
Located in front of the ear.
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Postauricular Nodes
Postauricular Nodes
Located superficial to the mastoid process.
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Occipital Nodes
Occipital Nodes
Located at the base of the skull.
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Submental Nodes
Submental Nodes
Located midline, behind the tip of the mandible.
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Supraclavicular Nodes
Supraclavicular Nodes
Located just above and behind the clavicle
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- The head includes the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal cranial bones.
- Cranial sutures include the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures.
- The facial nerve (CN VII) innervates the muscles of facial expression.
- The trigeminal nerve (CN V) provides sensory and motor function to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
- Parotid glands are the largest salivary glands, located in the cheeks over the mandible, anterior to and below the ear, and are typically not palpable.
- Submandibular glands are located beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw.
- Sublingual glands can be found in the floor of the mouth.
- The thyroid gland, an endocrine gland with two lobes, creates and secretes T3 and T4 hormones that regulate metabolism.
- The thyroid cartilage is also known as the Adam's apple, and features the cricoid cartilage (upper tracheal ring) and the isthmus of the thyroid gland.
- Structures in the neck include vessels like carotid arteries and jugular veins, muscles, nerves, lymphatics, and viscera of the respiratory and digestive systems.
- The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain.
- The external carotid artery supplies blood to the face, salivary glands, and superficial temporal area.
- The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) controls the sternomastoid and trapezius muscles.
- The sternomastoid muscle aids in head rotation and flexion, and divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles.
- Functions of the lymphatic system include absorbing excess fluid and plasma proteins from interstitial space to return them to the bloodstream, supporting immunity, and absorbing lipids from the digestive tract.
- Lymph nodes are small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at intervals along lymphatic vessels.
- The spleen, located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ), destroys old blood cells, produces antibodies, stores RBCs, and filters microorganisms from the blood.
- Tonsils, located at the entrance to the respiratory and GI tracts, respond to local inflammation.
- The thymus, a gland in the upper chest, is a T cell maturation site.
- Acute lymphangitis involves inflammation/activation of the lymphatic system.
- Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are types of lymphatic cancer with symptoms similar to a cold or virus.
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of mononucleosis (mono).
- Streptococcal pharyngitis is commonly known as strep throat.
- A retropharyngeal abscess is an emergency that can cause drooling, change of voice, and potential airway occlusion.
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that attacks joints.
- Cat scratch fever is a systemic infection that can cause red streaks and potentially lead to sepsis.
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the progressed stage of HIV, characterized by virtually no immunity.
- Lymphedema is swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues, often due to a lack of lymph nodes in the area.
- Preauricular nodes are located in front of the ear.
- Postauricular nodes are located superficial to the mastoid process.
- Occipital nodes are located at the base of the skull.
- Submental nodes are located midline, behind the tip of the mandible.
- Submandibular nodes are located halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible.
- Sublingual nodes are located under the tongue.
- Retropharyngeal (tonsillar) nodes are located under the angle of the mandible.
- The anterior cervical chain of lymph nodes is located overlying the sternomastoid muscle.
- The posterior cervical chain of lymph nodes is located in the posterior triangle along the edge of the trapezius muscle.
- The deep cervical chain of lymph nodes is located deep under the sternomastoid muscle.
- Supraclavicular nodes are located just above and behind the clavicle, at the sternomastoid muscle.
- Enlargement can indicate chest/abdominal cancer or a recent vaccine.
- Fontanels are membrane-covered soft spots that allow growth of a baby's brain during the first year and eventually ossify.
- The triangle-shaped posterior fontanel closes by 1-2 months.
- The diamond-shaped anterior fontanel closes between 9 months and 2 years.
- Head size reaches 90% of its final size by age 6 years.
- Lymphoid tissue in children is well developed at birth and grows to adult size by age 6.
- Facial bone growth rates in children include a small mandible and maxilla, along with a low nasal bridge.
- Adolescent changes in boys include the appearance of facial hair, enlargement of the thyroid cartilage, and a deepened voice.
- During pregnancy, the thyroid enlarges slightly as a result of tissue hyperplasia and increased vascularity.
- Facial changes in aging adults include more prominent facial bones and orbits, skin sagging due to decreased elasticity, fat, and moisture, additionally, size decreases in the lower face if teeth are lost.
- Headaches are a leading cause of acute pain and decreased productivity, more common in females and prevalent among Caucasians and Hispanics, classified by etiology.
- Chronic migraines occur more than 15 days per month.
- Normocephalic describes a round, symmetrical skull that is appropriately related to body size.
- Facial features should always be symmetrical.
- A normal head and neck presentation includes a midline head position, symmetrical accessory neck muscles, and a head that is erect and still.
- A normal trachea should be midline and should not deviate, as deviation can cause respiratory distress.
- Lymph nodes are not palpable during infancy, but are palpable during childhood (should be less than 3 mm).
- During a head and neck examination of aging adults, temporal arteries may look twisted/prominent, a mild rhythmic head tremor may be normal, the lower face may look smaller due to teeth loss, and there may be an increased concave curve in the neck to compensate for kyphosis.
- Hydrocephalus involves excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, often requiring shunts.
- Plagiocephaly is flattening or asymmetry of the head.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome involves birth defects caused by alcohol intake of the mother, with signs and symptoms similar to Down syndrome.
- Simple diffuse goiter (SDG) involves swelling of the entire thyroid.
- Multinodular goiter (MNG) involves nodular enlargement of the thyroid.
- Graves disease is an autoimmune hyperthyroidism characterized by goiter, eyelid retraction, and exophthalmos.
- Hypothyroidism can cause a puffy, edematous face, periorbital edema, and coarse facial features, hair, and eyebrows. Acromegaly causes enlargement of the extremities.
- Cushing syndrome involves hypersecretion of cortisol, causing abnormalities like a moon face and buffalo hump.
- Bell's palsy is facial nerve paralysis causing drooping.
- Parkinson's syndrome involves head, neck, and tongue tremors.
- A cachectic appearance involves being underweight and having sunken eyes and facial features.
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