(Exam 2) Chronic Alcohol Consumption and Stem Cell Division

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What is a characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with regards to proteases?

EMT is associated with a decrease in protease expression.

MMPs cleave E-cadherin and lead to the loss of epithelial cell-cell junctions. (correct)

Increased expression of proteases contributes to the gain of epithelial cell-cell junctions.

Proteases in EMT play a role in strengthening cell-cell junctions.

How do tumor cells mainly induce the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?

By directly inhibiting the production of MMPs in surrounding cells.

By inducing stromal cells like macrophages and fibroblasts to produce MMPs. (correct)

By synthesizing MMPs themselves.

By causing other tumor cells to produce MMPs.

How do secreted MMPs aid carcinoma cells in advancing forward within tissues?

By creating barriers that confine carcinoma cells within tissues.

By promoting the formation of dense thickets of ECM molecules.

By dissolving ECM molecules around carcinoma cells, creating spaces for advancement. (correct)

By increasing the density of ECM molecules around carcinoma cells.

What is the mechanism by which MENA-expression tumor cells and macrophages migrate towards endothelial cells during streaming migration?

Using a CSF1/EGF paracrine loop and migrating unidirectionally along collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of macrophages pairing with MENA-expression tumor cells during streaming migration?

Migration towards endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for metabolizing alcohol in the body?

Alcohol dehydrogenase Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oral cancers worldwide are attributed to chronic alcohol consumption?

10% Signup and view all the answers

In which model of cell division does one daughter cell remain a stem cell while the other becomes lineage committed?

Classical model Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific chromosomal translocation associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)?

t(15;17) Signup and view all the answers

Which disruption in the hematopoietic lineage leads to acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Granulocyte or monocyte lineage disruption Signup and view all the answers

How does the PML-RAR fusion oncoprotein induce leukemia?

By blocking normal myeloid differentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of excess glucose uptake and glycolysis in tumor growth?

Provide ribose for nucleic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of increased glycolysis in cancer cells?

Synthesis of serine and glycine Signup and view all the answers

Why is lactate considered an important regulatory signaling factor in cancer cells?

It can influence gene expression and cell behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of a significant portion of glucose-derived carbon in cancer cells?

Utilization for nucleotide biosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

How does the catabolism of glutamine benefit tumor growth?

Supplies carbon intermediates for biosynthetic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway is responsible for producing important intermediates for nucleotide biosynthesis and redox homeostasis?

Pentose phosphate pathway Signup and view all the answers

What effect can tobacco smoke have on the body, in addition to being carcinogenic?

Inducing chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic alteration can lead to the expression of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory genes?

Mutation in the TP53 gene Signup and view all the answers

How does obesity primarily promote cancer according to the text?

By inducing chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with inflammatory bowel disease mentioned in the text?

Greater risk of colorectal cancer Signup and view all the answers

How can asbestos act as a carcinogen in addition to its inflammatory effects?

By acting as an inflammatory stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which agents can cause extrinsic inflammation leading to chronic conditions associated with cancer?

Both infectious and non-infectious agents Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of antigen-binding receptors and antibodies TCR?

Heterodimer made up of two polypeptide chains Signup and view all the answers

Which signal involves cytokines released by T help cells to stimulate B cells?

Signal 3: Cytokines released by T help cell stimulate B cell Signup and view all the answers

What is critical to the expansion of T cell responses to pathogens and tumors?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

How do dendritic cells acquire antigens in peripheral tissues?

By engulfing antigens via various processes Signup and view all the answers

Which cells present tumor antigens to T-cells via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the events initiating the transition of conventional naïve T-cells from a quiescent to an activated state?

T-cell priming Signup and view all the answers