(Exam 2) Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption on DNA Mutations

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What is the enzyme responsible for metabolizing alcohol in the body?

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Alcohol oxidase

Aldehyde oxidase

Alcohol dehydrogenase (correct)

Which type of cancers are directly attributed to alcohol consumption?

Skin cancers

Oral cancers (correct)

Breast cancers

Brain cancers

In the classical model of cell division, how many daughter cells are produced?

Four daughter stem cells

One daughter stem cell and one lineage committed cell (correct)

Two daughter stem cells

Three lineage committed cells

What is the consequence of disruption in the granulocyte or monocyte lineage?

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Signup and view all the answers

Which specific chromosomal translocation is associated with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia?

t(15;17) Signup and view all the answers

How does the PML-RAR fusion oncoprotein induce leukemia?

By blocking normal myeloid differentiation Signup and view all the answers

How do IDH mutations in cancers affect gene expression?

Cause DNA hypomethylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) promotes apoptosis?

Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase Signup and view all the answers

How does folate deficiency contribute to tumor development?

Promotes DNA hypomethylation Signup and view all the answers

What role does lactate play in promoting cancer aggressiveness?

Causes extracellular acidification Signup and view all the answers

How does 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) affect collagen maturation?

Inhibits prolyl hydroxylases Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of lactate production on the tumor microenvironment?

Causes extracellular acidification Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cells recognize antigens presented by class I MHC molecules?

CD8+ T-cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are cytoplasmic proteins degraded into peptide fragments before they are presented by MHC class I molecules?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells mainly express MHC class II molecules for presenting antigens?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of costimulatory signaling in T cell activation?

Provides a second signal for full T cell activation Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in forming antigen complexes in the presentation of extracellular antigens?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to T cells if they recognize an antigen but do not receive co-stimulation?

They remain inactive (anergy) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of EMT?

Increased expression of specific proteases Signup and view all the answers

How do tumor cells mainly cause MMP production?

By inducing stromal cells to produce MMPs Signup and view all the answers

What do secreted MMPs primarily do within tissues?

Create spaces for carcinoma cells to advance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the CSF1/EGF paracrine loop in streaming migration during EMT?

Unidirectional migration along collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

How do tumor cells and macrophages migrate during streaming migration?

Utilizing a CSF1/EGF paracrine loop Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy?

To activate immune responses against tumors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy involves the adoptive transfer of naturally occurring T-cells found in a tumor?

Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which immunotherapy approach involves expanding TILs ex vivo before transferring them back to patients?

TIL therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of anti-PD-1 agents like pembrolizumab and nivolumab in cancer treatment?

Activating immune responses against tumors Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule restrains tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the body?

PD-1 Signup and view all the answers

Why is lymphodepletion treatment given to patients before transferring TILs back to them?

To enhance the anti-tumor activity of transferred TILs Signup and view all the answers