29 Questions
What is the enzyme responsible for metabolizing alcohol in the body?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Which type of cancers are directly attributed to alcohol consumption?
Oral cancers
In the classical model of cell division, how many daughter cells are produced?
One daughter stem cell and one lineage committed cell
What is the consequence of disruption in the granulocyte or monocyte lineage?
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Which specific chromosomal translocation is associated with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia?
t(15;17)
How does the PML-RAR fusion oncoprotein induce leukemia?
By blocking normal myeloid differentiation
How do IDH mutations in cancers affect gene expression?
Cause DNA hypomethylation
What is the mechanism by which 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) promotes apoptosis?
Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase
How does folate deficiency contribute to tumor development?
Promotes DNA hypomethylation
What role does lactate play in promoting cancer aggressiveness?
Causes extracellular acidification
How does 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) affect collagen maturation?
Inhibits prolyl hydroxylases
What is the impact of lactate production on the tumor microenvironment?
Causes extracellular acidification
Which type of T cells recognize antigens presented by class I MHC molecules?
CD8+ T-cells
Where are cytoplasmic proteins degraded into peptide fragments before they are presented by MHC class I molecules?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Which immune cells mainly express MHC class II molecules for presenting antigens?
Dendritic cells
What is the role of costimulatory signaling in T cell activation?
Provides a second signal for full T cell activation
Which organelle is involved in forming antigen complexes in the presentation of extracellular antigens?
Lysosomes
What happens to T cells if they recognize an antigen but do not receive co-stimulation?
They remain inactive (anergy)
What is a characteristic of EMT?
Increased expression of specific proteases
How do tumor cells mainly cause MMP production?
By inducing stromal cells to produce MMPs
What do secreted MMPs primarily do within tissues?
Create spaces for carcinoma cells to advance
What is the role of the CSF1/EGF paracrine loop in streaming migration during EMT?
Unidirectional migration along collagen fibers
How do tumor cells and macrophages migrate during streaming migration?
Utilizing a CSF1/EGF paracrine loop
What is the main purpose of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy?
To activate immune responses against tumors
Which type of therapy involves the adoptive transfer of naturally occurring T-cells found in a tumor?
Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy
Which immunotherapy approach involves expanding TILs ex vivo before transferring them back to patients?
TIL therapy
What is the function of anti-PD-1 agents like pembrolizumab and nivolumab in cancer treatment?
Activating immune responses against tumors
Which molecule restrains tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the body?
PD-1
Why is lymphodepletion treatment given to patients before transferring TILs back to them?
To enhance the anti-tumor activity of transferred TILs
This quiz explores the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on DNA mutations, specifically the formation of DNA adducts that can lead to mutations. It also touches on the impact of alcohol on cancer development. The text also briefly mentions the classical model of cell division.
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