Evolutionary Changes in Microorganisms Due to Environmental Shifts
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Questions and Answers

In which type of environment does Rhodobacter carry out photosynthesis?

  • Dark aerobic environments
  • Dark anaerobic environments
  • Illuminated aerobic environments
  • Illuminated anoxic environments (correct)
  • What triggers pigment synthesis in purple bacteria like Rhodobacter?

  • Presence of O2 (correct)
  • Presence of carotenoids
  • Absence of light
  • Absence of carotenoids
  • How quickly can some microbial species produce a new generation?

  • 20 minutes (correct)
  • 1 hour
  • 1 day
  • 30 minutes
  • What is the primary role of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids in purple bacteria?

    <p>Participate in photosynthetic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the raw material upon which natural selection acts in microbial populations?

    <p>Heritable variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "New Traits Can Evolve Quickly in Microorganisms" refers to which evolutionary phenomenon?

    <p>&quot;Saltation&quot; effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major breakthrough did one of the evolved lines achieve after 31,500 generations?

    <p>Ability to use citrate as an energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was citrate not considered a potential carbon source for E.coli in the experiment?

    <p>E.coli lacked the necessary genes to metabolize citrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of mutations in the evolved line that gained the ability to grow on citrate?

    <p>They allowed for the evolution of a new adaptive trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fact that only one of the 12 parallel lines evolved the ability to grow on citrate demonstrate?

    <p>The chance nature of evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Rhodobacter's mutation that was deleterious in the wild become advantageous in the laboratory environment?

    <p>It provided a selective advantage under dark conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did evolution have on Rhodobacter's metabolic machinery under new laboratory conditions?

    <p>It resulted in loss of unneeded metabolic machinery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do high bootstrap values indicate in a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>Nodes are likely to be correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does low bootstrap values in a phylogenetic tree suggest?

    <p>Nodes placement cannot be accurately determined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homoplasy also known as in the context of evolution?

    <p>Convergent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the number of nucleotide differences between gene sequences be utilized in building a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>By creating a distance matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a distance matrix indicate in the context of building a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>Number of nucleotide differences between gene sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to choose the true tree in phylogenetics based on available sequence data?

    <p>Several different trees fit the data equally well</p> Signup and view all the answers

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