Evolution Scientists and Taxonomy

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Questions and Answers

How did the work of Carl Linnaeus influence the study of evolution?

  • His system of binomial nomenclature provided a standardized way to classify and understand relationships between organisms. (correct)
  • His observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands provided key insights into natural selection.
  • His studies of fossils led to the development of paleontology, providing evidence of past life.
  • His theory of use and disuse explained how organisms could acquire traits during their lifetime.

What distinguishes homologous structures from analogous structures?

  • Homologous structures arise through natural selection, while analogous structures arise through artificial selection.
  • Homologous structures are found in fossils, while analogous structures are observed in living organisms.
  • Homologous structures have different functions but share a common ancestry, while analogous structures have similar functions but do not share a recent common ancestor. (correct)
  • Homologous structures indicate evolutionary relationships, while analogous structures indicate convergent evolution.

Which of the following best describes the contribution of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck to evolutionary theory?

  • He developed a system for classifying organisms based on shared characteristics.
  • He suggested that organisms could pass on acquired traits to their offspring through the use or disuse of body parts. (correct)
  • He proposed the theory of natural selection, where the fittest organisms survive and reproduce.
  • He discovered the structure of DNA, providing a mechanism for inheritance.

How did George Cuvier's work contribute to the understanding of evolution?

<p>He established the field of paleontology by studying fossils and demonstrating that some species have gone extinct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the HMS Beagle voyage for Charles Darwin's work?

<p>It provided him with the opportunity to study diverse species and geological formations around the world, leading to his theory of evolution by natural selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Ernst Haeckel expand on earlier classification systems?

<p>He Introduced the three-kingdom scheme by adding kingdom Protista. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Aristotle contribute to the field of taxonomy?

<p>By establishing the first formal system for classifying living organisms, categorizing them into plants and animals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Pedanius Dioscorides in classifying 600 species of plants?

<p>Their medicinal properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Edouard Chatton's work contribute to the classification of organisms?

<p>By coining the terms prokaryote and eukaryote. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of evolution, what is the significance of the 'fossil record'?

<p>It offers a chronological sequence of extinct organisms, documenting the history of life and evolutionary changes over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Evolution

Process of how present day organisms have descended from ancient ones.

Theory

A well-supported, testable explanation of natural phenomenon.

Species

Basic unit of taxonomy

Taxonomy

Process of naming and classifying plants and animals.

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Fossils

Remnants of organisms that were once alive.

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Paleontology

Study of the history of life on Earth using fossils.

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Homologous Structures

Structures that are similar in form and origin, but modified to adapt to different functions.

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Theophrastus

Classified plants based on their growth form; wrote Historia Plantarum.

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Prokaryotes

Cells without a nucleus.

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Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus

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Study Notes

  • Evolution refers to how present-day organisms have descended from ancient ones.
  • A scientific theory is a well-supported, testable explanation of natural phenomena, approved by the scientific community.

Evolution Scientists

  • John Ray introduced "species" as the basic unit of taxonomy.
  • Species are the basic unit of taxonomy, including fossils.
  • Taxonomy is the process of naming plants and animals.
  • Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carolus Linnaeus, developed the modern taxonomic system still in use today.
  • Linnaeus is considered the father of taxonomy.
    • Taxis means arrangement.
    • Nomia means method.
  • Taxonomy involves the classification of organisms based on shared characteristics.
  • Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin's grandfather, was a physician and botanist.
  • Erasmus Darwin believed organisms descended from a common ancestor.
  • George Cuvier's fossil studies contributed to the rise of paleontology.
  • Paleontology is the study of the history of life on Earth through fossils.
  • Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was developed during his voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle.
    • Darwin is known for "On the Origin of Species" and "survival of the fittest."
    • Voyage equates to expedition.
    • Darwin studied birds, especially finches
  • Darwin's notes included observations on the mechanism of evolution, natural selection, and organism survival.
  • Jean Baptiste Lamarck was among the first scientists to recognize that living things change over time.
  • Lamarck proposed that organisms could alter the size, shape, or structure of body parts through use and disuse.

Fossils

  • Fossils contain preserved remains or evidence of ancient organisms.
  • The fossil record provides strong evidence of the history of life on Earth.
  • Paleontologists study fossils.
  • Analogous structures have different forms but serve same function.
  • Homologous structures are similar in form and origin but modified for different functions.

Taxonomy Scientists

  • Aristotle was the first person to classify organisms.
  • Aristotle classified animals as vertebrates (with blood) and invertebrates (without blood).
    • Invertebrates include insects, crustaceans, and mollusks.
  • Aristotle's two classification groups are Animals (Animalia) and Plants (Plantae).
  • Theophrastus wrote Historia Plantarum and classified 480 plant species based on growth form.
  • Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician, wrote De Materia Medica, classifying 600 plant species based on medicinal properties.
  • These medicinal plants include antimicrobials (fight bacteria and viruses) and anti-inflammatories (reduce swelling). Edouard Chatton coined the terms prokaryotes (cells without a nucleus) and eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus)

Kingdoms

  • Protists are either plant-like or animal-like
  • Ernst Haeckel introduced the three-kingdom scheme by adding Kingdom Protista
  • Kingdoms are a taxonomic rank, indicating where organisms belong.
  • Two-Kingdom Classification, established by Aristotle, consists of Plants and Animals.
  • Three-Kingdom Classification includes Protista (Haeckel), Plants, and Animals.
  • Four-Kingdom Classification includes Monera (Herbert Copeland), Protista, Plants, and Animals (the last three are eukaryotes).
  • Five-Kingdom Classification includes Monera, Protista, Fungi (Robert Whittaker), Plants, and Animals.

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