Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes a synapomorphy in phylogenetics?
What characterizes a synapomorphy in phylogenetics?
- A unique characteristic of one species
- An ancestral trait that is lost in some descendants
- A shared derived character from a common ancestor (correct)
- A trait that is shared by two groups but originated independently
Which taxonomic category is the most specific?
Which taxonomic category is the most specific?
- Family
- Order
- Genus
- Species (correct)
What is the function of binomial nomenclature in taxonomy?
What is the function of binomial nomenclature in taxonomy?
- To give each species a two-part name for classification. (correct)
- To provide a shared name for all animals
- To determine the evolutionary relationships among species.
- To classify animals into families.
How are character data defined in phylogenetics?
How are character data defined in phylogenetics?
Which statement best describes the difference between taxonomy and phylogenetics?
Which statement best describes the difference between taxonomy and phylogenetics?
What type of data can be considered as character data in phylogenetic analysis?
What type of data can be considered as character data in phylogenetic analysis?
What evolutionary trait is associated exclusively with members of the family Carnivora?
What evolutionary trait is associated exclusively with members of the family Carnivora?
Which describes the process of lekking among manakins?
Which describes the process of lekking among manakins?
What is the primary assumption behind animal behavior optimization in cost/benefit analysis?
What is the primary assumption behind animal behavior optimization in cost/benefit analysis?
What are the characteristics of a typical beaver family structure?
What are the characteristics of a typical beaver family structure?
What is the purpose of a beaver's scent mound?
What is the purpose of a beaver's scent mound?
Which factor is NOT a category of acoustic signal degradation?
Which factor is NOT a category of acoustic signal degradation?
In the context of acoustic communication, what does attenuation refer to?
In the context of acoustic communication, what does attenuation refer to?
Which influence is significant in degrading acoustic signal quality?
Which influence is significant in degrading acoustic signal quality?
What would be a potential reason for beavers to invest time and energy into creating scent mounds?
What would be a potential reason for beavers to invest time and energy into creating scent mounds?
Which of the following best exemplifies the application of multiple hypotheses in understanding beaver scent mounding behavior?
Which of the following best exemplifies the application of multiple hypotheses in understanding beaver scent mounding behavior?
What happens to sound energy as it propagates over distance?
What happens to sound energy as it propagates over distance?
How does temperature affect sound propagation?
How does temperature affect sound propagation?
What effect does wind direction have on sound communication range?
What effect does wind direction have on sound communication range?
Which type of sound frequency is less likely to degrade over long distances?
Which type of sound frequency is less likely to degrade over long distances?
How is a Transfer Function related to sound degradation?
How is a Transfer Function related to sound degradation?
What is one consequence of Scattering in sound propagation?
What is one consequence of Scattering in sound propagation?
What phenomenon occurs when sound travels differently in layers of water with varying temperatures?
What phenomenon occurs when sound travels differently in layers of water with varying temperatures?
What does Heat Loss refer to in the context of sound propagation?
What does Heat Loss refer to in the context of sound propagation?
What does runaway selection describe in the context of evolutionary traits?
What does runaway selection describe in the context of evolutionary traits?
According to Fisher's hypothesis, which statement is accurate?
According to Fisher's hypothesis, which statement is accurate?
What does Zahavi's Handicap Principle suggest about sexually selected traits?
What does Zahavi's Handicap Principle suggest about sexually selected traits?
How do sexually selected traits directly indicate health according to the content?
How do sexually selected traits directly indicate health according to the content?
What relationship exists between peacock eyespot area and reproductive success?
What relationship exists between peacock eyespot area and reproductive success?
What adaptive response might a species use to differentiate their sounds from ambient noise?
What adaptive response might a species use to differentiate their sounds from ambient noise?
Which statement best describes sexual dimorphism in the context of sexual selection?
Which statement best describes sexual dimorphism in the context of sexual selection?
What is one consequence of male competition for mating access?
What is one consequence of male competition for mating access?
How does parental investment differ between sexes?
How does parental investment differ between sexes?
Which of the following mechanisms describes how males might gain access to females?
Which of the following mechanisms describes how males might gain access to females?
What describes a significant difference between sexual selection and natural selection?
What describes a significant difference between sexual selection and natural selection?
What effect did Covid have on bird song in the San Francisco area?
What effect did Covid have on bird song in the San Francisco area?
What does cumulative selection imply in sexual selection?
What does cumulative selection imply in sexual selection?
What occurs when individuals in a population differ in their ability to attract mates?
What occurs when individuals in a population differ in their ability to attract mates?
Which of the following traits is NOT an example of sexual selection?
Which of the following traits is NOT an example of sexual selection?
What is a potential disadvantage of sexually selected traits?
What is a potential disadvantage of sexually selected traits?
What phenomenon describes gradual selection of traits that convey a mating advantage over time?
What phenomenon describes gradual selection of traits that convey a mating advantage over time?
In terms of parental investment, what characterizes a population with low disparity?
In terms of parental investment, what characterizes a population with low disparity?
What kind of signals in males may exploit female sensory systems for attraction?
What kind of signals in males may exploit female sensory systems for attraction?
Which hypothesis explains the success of animals whose offspring survive and have high reproductive success?
Which hypothesis explains the success of animals whose offspring survive and have high reproductive success?
Which of the following best describes differential reproduction?
Which of the following best describes differential reproduction?
What is a common trait shared by species that exhibit extreme morphological sexual dimorphism?
What is a common trait shared by species that exhibit extreme morphological sexual dimorphism?
How does the presence of females affect the song switching in red-winged blackbirds?
How does the presence of females affect the song switching in red-winged blackbirds?
Flashcards
Biological Evolution
Biological Evolution
The change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
A process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.
Species
Species
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy
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Nested Hierarchy
Nested Hierarchy
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Synapomorphy
Synapomorphy
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Cladogram
Cladogram
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Character Data
Character Data
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Beaver Scent Mound
Beaver Scent Mound
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Beaver Communication Purpose
Beaver Communication Purpose
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Signal Degradation (Acoustic)
Signal Degradation (Acoustic)
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Attenuation (Acoustic)
Attenuation (Acoustic)
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Frequency Distortion
Frequency Distortion
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Temporal Distortion
Temporal Distortion
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Sound Masking
Sound Masking
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Sound Attenuation
Sound Attenuation
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Sound Spreading Loss
Sound Spreading Loss
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Refraction
Refraction
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Transfer Function
Transfer Function
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Heat Loss
Heat Loss
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Frequency Degradation
Frequency Degradation
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Scattering
Scattering
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Acoustic Characteristics
Acoustic Characteristics
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Adaptive Responses to Sound
Adaptive Responses to Sound
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Channel Partitioning
Channel Partitioning
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Frequency Shift
Frequency Shift
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Temporal Variation
Temporal Variation
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Sexual Dimorphism
Sexual Dimorphism
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Stepwise Preference & Elaboration
Stepwise Preference & Elaboration
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Sexual Selection
Sexual Selection
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Parental Investment
Parental Investment
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Runaway Selection
Runaway Selection
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Why do males have colorful feathers?
Why do males have colorful feathers?
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What is the advantage of a long call for a grey tree frog?
What is the advantage of a long call for a grey tree frog?
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What is the trade-off in sexual selection?
What is the trade-off in sexual selection?
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How do traits evolve through sexual selection?
How do traits evolve through sexual selection?
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What signals are associated with male fitness?
What signals are associated with male fitness?
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How does runaway selection affect reproduction?
How does runaway selection affect reproduction?
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Fisher's Hypothesis
Fisher's Hypothesis
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Indicator Mechanisms
Indicator Mechanisms
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What are some examples of sexually selected traits?
What are some examples of sexually selected traits?
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Honest Indicator
Honest Indicator
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Study Notes
Unit 7 - Evolution Review
- Biological evolution is the process of change in species over time.
- Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. It is the process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring.
Unit 8 Phylogenetics and Behavior
- Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms.
- Taxonomic classification uses a nested hierarchy, progressing from most specific (species) to least specific (domain). An example is Panthera pardus (leopard). The hierarchy includes species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
- Binomial nomenclature is a system for naming species using two names: genus and species (e.g., Panthera pardus = leopard).
What is a species?
- A species is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
What is the difference between a taxonomic category and designation?
- Taxonomic categories are the hierarchical levels in the classification system.
- Taxonomic designations are binomial nomenclature, the scientific names given to species.
What is the science of phylogenetics (cladistics)?
- Phylogenetics (cladistics) is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, using shared derived characters.
Unit 9 - Cost/Benefit Analysis
- Cost benefit analysis predicts that animals will evolve optimal behaviors where benefits outweigh the costs.
- Example of beaver chemical communication, scent mound building and the cost/benefit analysis associated.
Unit 10 - Environmental Constraints on Acoustic Communication
- Acoustic communication can be degraded in several ways: attenuation through spreading losses and refraction, where temperature and wind affect these processes; and sound masking by natural and anthropogenic noise.
Unit 11 - Sexual Selection
- Sexual selection is the process that results in exaggerated traits that are not necessary for survival but help individuals attract mates.
- Darwin's Observations of Sexual Dimorphism describes elaborate males and cryptic or inconspicuous females.
- Sexual selection occurs through sexual dimorphism where one sex (typically male) has elaborate ornamentation, armaments, or displays. The other sex is typically cryptic in morphology and behaviour.
- Mechanisms of sexual selection include runaway selection and indicator mechanisms.
- Runaway selection occurs when traits that are attractive to females and these traits are selected by females.
- Indicator mechanisms like Zahavi's handicap principle show that traits that are costly to produce may signal the male's genetic quality or health.
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