Evolution Lecture Series Schedule
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Questions and Answers

What is the main topic of the lecture on February 16th?

  • Quantitative Trait Loci (correct)
  • Genetic linkage
  • Recombination
  • Polygenic traits

    • Which term describes traits that vary continuously among individuals?

  • Recombination
  • Linkage equilibrium
  • Epistasis
  • Polygenic trait (correct)

    • What process generates genetic variation by mixing alleles?

  • Linkage equilibrium
  • Linkage disequilibrium
  • Recombination (correct)
  • Quantitative genetics

    • Which term refers to the occurrence of an allele at one locus being nonrandomly associated with another locus?

    <p>Linkage disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the lecture on February 14th?

    <p>Paleontologist Roundtable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the interaction between alleles at different loci?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines quantitative genetics?

    <p>Study of genetic mechanisms and evolution of continuous phenotypic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis?

    <p>Identifying genomic regions responsible for coat color in mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the degree of linkage between different loci relate to their distance on the same chromosome?

    <p>The degree of linkage decreases as the distance between loci increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?

    <p>Identifying variants and genomic regions associated with specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does linkage disequilibrium in cats reflect their breed history?

    <p>Linkage disequilibrium increases with breed history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'linkage disequilibrium' refer to in genetics?

    <p>Association between specific genetic variants that are inherited together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis help in understanding phenotypic traits?

    <p>By studying recombination to establish the link between phenotype and genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of detecting linkage disequilibrium?

    <p>To understand the relationship between phenotype and genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) often used in genetics studies?

    <p>To identify genomic regions associated with specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations do not change the protein sequence?

    <p>Synonymous mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a faster evolution rate at nonsynonymous sites compared to synonymous sites indicate?

    <p>Positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dN/dS ratio used to determine in molecular evolution?

    <p>Signature of positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of selection on DNA sequences, what does a slower evolution rate than synonymous sites indicate?

    <p>Purifying selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the rapid spread of an adaptive allele through a population?

    <p>Selective sweep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alleles that are strongly selected leave a signature in neighboring alleles?

    <p>Genetic hitchhiking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tracking phylogenies back in time lead to in gene trees?

    <p>Coalescence nodes representing common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of phylogenies, what can positive selection cause?

    <p>Shallow coalescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tree depicts ancestor-descendent relationships of species?

    <p>Species tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can tracking gene trees help to understand in molecular evolution?

    <p>Neutral theory of molecular evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why don't gene trees and species trees always match?

    <p>Positive selection on DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the type of trait exhibited by the mutation from G to T?

    <p>Synapomorphy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic terms, what do the Gs and Ts represent?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the neutral theory of molecular evolution?

    <p>Genetic drift as the main driver of molecular evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of molecular evolution, what aspect is being compared when analyzing mutation rate vs. molecular evolution rate?

    <p>Rates of synonymous mutations vs. nonsynonymous mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for shaping DNA sequences when considering selection on DNA sequences?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of DNA sequences is mainly influenced by nonsynonymous mutations?

    <p>Protein structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Homologous' traits in genetic loci refer to traits that are ___.

    <p>Unrelated and functionally different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein?

    <p>Silent mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution, what is the main driver of most evolution at the molecular level?

    <p>Genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the rate of molecular evolution compared to the mutation rate?

    <p>Different types of DNA segments evolve at different rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is more likely to be subject to selection due to altering the protein sequence?

    <p>Nonsynonymous mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA sequences, what does the term 'substitution' refer to?

    <p>A mutation that becomes fixed in a lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor on which selection acts in DNA sequences?

    <p>Amino acid sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the co-option of a particular gene or network for a totally different function due to a mutation?

    <p>Gene duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary event can occur as a result of the reorganization of a preexisting regulatory network?

    <p>Gene duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is especially likely to lead to new functions if duplicated?

    <p>Promiscuous proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process can result in the evolution of complex traits like the ability to consume citrate in E.coli?

    <p>Gene duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The evolution of snake venoms involved which mechanism?

    <p>Gene recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a homologous gene that arises through duplication?

    <p>Paralog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Promiscuous proteins' are capable of carrying out two functions and are especially likely to take on new functions if ___.

    <p>Are duplicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Horizontal gene transfer' is a source of innovation primarily in which organisms?

    <p>Bacteria and archaea (and some eukaryotes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a gene acquires a new function that it did not have before?

    <p>De novo gene formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the creation of new genes by copying a pre-existing gene within the genome?

    <p>Gene duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetic evolution, what term describes the movement of genes between different species?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to proteins that can interact with multiple partners, potentially leading to the evolution of new functions?

    <p>Promiscuous proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the utilization of existing genes for new functions or in different tissues?

    <p>Gene recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a de novo gene differ from a gene arising from duplication?

    <p>De novo genes are formed from non-coding DNA sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

    <p>Increased genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of promiscuous proteins in evolutionary processes?

    <p>'Promiscuous' proteins interact with multiple partners, aiding evolutionary flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon can lead to the creation of brand new genes that did not previously exist in a genome?

    <p>Gene recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can horizontal gene transfer contribute to the evolution of new traits or adaptations?

    <p>By transferring genes between different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the accidental emergence of new traits due to the promiscuous nature of certain proteins?

    <p>Promiscuous proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of evolution, what does gene duplication primarily contribute to?

    <p>Increasing the number of identical copies of existing genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for the creation of paralogs, genes that arise from gene duplication events?

    <p>Replication errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do duplicated genes provide a platform for evolutionary innovation?

    <p>By creating entirely new genes with novel functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does horizontal gene transfer play in the integration of foreign genetic material into a host genome?

    <p>Facilitating the acquisition of novel traits from other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can promiscuous proteins contribute to evolutionary changes in an organism?

    <p>By catalyzing new chemical reactions and functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of gene recruitment processes in terms of trait evolution?

    <p>Cooption of existing genes for novel functions and adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of artificial selection?

    <p>Producing variations in plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of evolution, what role do humans play in artificial selection?

    <p>Agents of selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have humans impacted the evolution of domestic dogs?

    <p>Creating diverse breeds through artificial selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct outcome of pigeon breeding due to artificial selection?

    <p>Many breeds and variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pesticides and herbicides act as agents of selection?

    <p>Induce resistance in target species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact has cod fishing had on Atlantic cod?

    <p>Decreased size and age at maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are herbarium specimens important in the study of evolution?

    <p>To document changes in plant morphology over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary change has been observed in male horns due to hunting?

    <p>Shortening of male horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the reproductive capacity of an individual, such as the number and quality of eggs or sperm?

    <p>Fecundity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a situation where females are limited by the number of mates they can obtain?

    <p>Operational sex ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to differential reproductive success resulting from competition for mates?

    <p>Sexual selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selection process involves competition between males for access to females?

    <p>Intrasexual selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of selection results from females being selective about their choice of mates?

    <p>Intersexual selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can sexual dimorphisms result from intrasexual selection?

    <p>To compete with other individuals in intrasexual competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor predicts which sex will experience stronger sexual selection?

    <p>Operational sex ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where females choose mates based on traits that benefit their offspring's fitness?

    <p>Good Genes Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary concept explains the crazy ornaments seen in males as a result of female preference for these traits?

    <p>Fisherian runaway selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying theory suggesting that females choose mates based on indicators of genetic quality, such as health or vigor?

    <p>Good Genes model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect makes sexual reproduction beneficial due to the ability to outpace parasites?

    <p>Red Queen effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, which hypothesis suggests that female choice can be related to reducing parasite load?

    <p>Hamilton-Zuk Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the evolution of sexual reproduction according to the evidence presented?

    <p>Maximizing reproductive success variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon can lead to more parasite infections correlated with a higher number of males in a population?

    <p>&quot;Red Queen&quot; effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Arbitrary choice" and "Good genes" are contrasting explanations for what aspect of evolutionary biology?

    <p>Female choice in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might sexual reproduction be considered costly compared to asexual reproduction?

    <p>Ploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of sexual reproduction in terms of genetic mutations?

    <p>Masking deleterious mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sexual reproduction facilitate adaptation to changing environments compared to asexual reproduction?

    <p>Allows for faster generation of novel genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary advantages of sexual reproduction in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Combining beneficial mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of sexual reproduction according to the text?

    <p>Multiple advantages over asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation faced by asexual reproduction discussed in the text?

    <p>Muller's ratchet accumulation of deleterious mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of genetic variation, what does Muller's ratchet in asexual populations primarily result in?

    <p>Irreversible accumulation of harmful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary factor is affected due to Muller's ratchet in asexual populations over time?

    <p>&quot;Burden of accumulated deleterious mutations&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Search cost' is mentioned as a disadvantage of which type of reproductive mechanism according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Asexual reproduction&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Quantitative Traits and Genetics

    • Quantitative traits vary continuously among individuals and have a complex genetic basis
    • Polygenic traits are influenced by many genetic loci and can interact with environment (phenotypic plasticity)
    • Quantitative genetics is the study of the genetic mechanisms and evolution of continuous phenotypic traits
    • Linkage: mixing and matching alleles; recombination generates genetic variation by mixing alleles
    • Linkage disequilibrium: nonrandom association of alleles at different loci, often due to close proximity on the same chromosome

    Detecting Linkage Disequilibrium

    • Map of linkage disequilibrium can be used to identify regions of the genome associated with particular traits
    • Example: Alhaddad et al. (2013) found linkage disequilibrium in cats reflects breed history

    Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis

    • Links traits with genes using recombination to understand the link between phenotype and genotype
    • Often uses single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
    • Example: Hopi Hoekstra found QTL analysis identifies genomic regions responsible for coat color in mice

    Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

    • Identifies variants and genomic regions associated with particular traits
    • Example: Palmer and Kronforst (2020) found GWAS identified genes involved in mimicry in swallowtail butterflies

    Selective Sweeps and Genetic Hitchhiking

    • Selective sweeps: adaptive allele spreads through a population more quickly than recombination acts to separate it from neighboring alleles
    • Genetic hitchhiking: strongly selected alleles are frequently found in a population surrounded by the same set of alleles at neighboring locations
    • Example: Tian et al. (2009) found selective sweeps and genetic hitchhiking in maize

    Evolution of Genome Size

    • Genome size varies tremendously across species
    • Bacterial genome size dependent mainly on number of genes
    • Eukaryotic genomes vary more in size due to noncoding DNA
    • Example: Lynch (2010) found evolution of genome size seems connected to mutation rate

    Phylogenetic Trees and Gene Trees

    • Phylogenetic trees: hypothesizes of the evolutionary relationships among different taxa
    • Gene trees: phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences at a particular locus
    • Gene trees do not always match species trees
    • Example: Hebert et al. (2004) and Jarvis et al. (2014) found gene trees do not always match species trees

    Artificial Selection

    • Definition: selection of traits by humans
    • Related to natural selection
    • Examples: domestication of plants and animals, breeding of pigeons, and pesticide resistance in houseflies

    Evolution of Complex Traits

    • Complex traits evolve through gene duplication and co-option
    • Example: evolution of eyespots in butterflies
    • Networks that result in complex traits are rooted in ancient genetic toolkits

    Constraints on Evolution

    • Limitations to asexual reproduction (Muller's ratchet and genetic load)
    • Asymmetrical parental care alters the operational sex ratio
    • Sexual selection: differential reproductive success resulting from competition for mates

    Sexual Selection

    • Intrasexual selection (male-male competition)

    • Intersexual selection (female choice)

    • Benefits: direct (e.g. food, protection) and indirect (e.g. better genetic quality)

    • Examples: red-winged blackbird, cherry barb, and golden metallic stag beetle### Evolution of Sexual Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction evolved as a mechanism to combine beneficial mutations and generate novel genotypes.

    • Asexual reproduction can lead to faster multiplication of lineages, but sexual reproduction provides advantages.

    Costs of Sexual Reproduction

    • Twofold cost of sex: sexual reproduction is costly due to limited number of reproducing individuals and search costs.
    • Disadvantages of sexual reproduction include reduced relatedness, risk of sexually transmitted infections, and ploidy issues.

    Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

    • Combining beneficial mutations enables faster evolution and clearance of deleterious mutations.
    • Sexual reproduction allows organisms in finite populations to better adapt to changing environments.

    Limitations of Asexual Reproduction

    • Muller's ratchet: asexual populations accumulate irreversible, deleterious mutations over generations, leading to genetic load.
    • Genetic load: the burden of accumulated deleterious mutations increases over time, limiting asexual reproduction.

    Key Concepts

    • Hermaphrodite: an organism that produces both sperm and eggs.
    • Parthenogenesis: a type of asexual reproduction where offspring are produced without fertilization.
    • Ploidy: the number of sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells.

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    Quantitative Traits and Genetics PDF
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