Evolution Lecture 10: Quantitative Traits and Genetics - Darwin Day Celebration

What is the term used to describe the interaction between alleles at different loci?

Which type of trait tends to vary continuously among individuals?

What generates genetic variation by mixing alleles?

In quantitative genetics, what is the term for the mixing and matching of alleles?

Which type of traits have a complex genetic basis influenced by many genetic loci?

What occurs if the occurrence of an allele at one locus is nonrandomly associated with another locus?

What does linkage disequilibrium in cats reflect?

Which method links traits with genes through the study of genomic regions?

What is primarily identified by Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?

What is often used in QTL analysis to identify genomic regions responsible for coat color in mice?

What is used to understand the link between phenotype and genotype?

What does the degree of linkage of different loci depend on?

What does QTL analysis aim to link?

'Presence or absence of an allele at a second locus' is associated with which genetic concept?

What type of substitution in DNA sequences does not change the encoded protein?

What indicates positive selection on DNA sequences when compared to synonymous sites?

What does a slower evolution than synonymous sites indicate on DNA sequences?

What is the dN/dS ratio also known as?

Which ratio would be expected for a gene under positive selection?

What could lead to a dN/dS ratio of less than 1?

In the context of evolution rates, what could explain more similar dN/dS ratios between BRCA1 genes and immune genes?

What mechanism spreads adaptive alleles through a population more quickly than recombination acts to separate them from neighboring alleles?

What leaves a signature in neighboring alleles due to its rapid spread through a population?

What do gene trees depict?

Which term is used to describe the common ancestry represented by nodes in gene trees?

What can tracking phylogenies back in time lead to?

What may cause shallow coalescence in gene trees?

Why may gene trees and species trees not always match?

In gene trees vs. species trees, what does a gene tree depict specifically?

What does the dN/dS ratio measure in molecular evolution studies?

'Neutral theory' in molecular evolution suggests that most mutations are:

'Selection' on DNA sequences usually affects which type of mutations?

'Rate of molecular evolution' refers to the speed at which:

What type of trait does the G ➔ T mutation represent in terms of nucleotides (bases)?

What term describes the evolutionary relationships among different taxa?

What kind of genealogies do genetic loci have for their nucleotides (bases)?

In genetic terms, what are the Gs in Ts?

What is the term used to describe the mixing and matching of alleles?

What does a synapomorphy indicate in terms of evolutionary relationships?

What happens when alleles at different loci are nonrandomly associated?

What type of genetic variation results from introgression?

Which term describes the mixing of genetic material between different species or populations?

What is the neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1968?

What does synonymous (silent) mutation refer to in terms of DNA sequences?

What is the primary difference between synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations?

What aspect of DNA evolution does the rate of molecular evolution refer to?

In terms of DNA evolution, what is meant by '4-fold degenerate sites'?

How does natural selection influence the fixation of mutations according to the neutral theory of molecular evolution?

What does the dN/dS ratio indicate when analyzing DNA sequences?

How do different types of DNA segments evolve according to the information provided?

'Neutral theory of molecular evolution postulates that ___.'

What term describes a homologous gene that arises due to gene duplication?

Which process involves the co-option of a particular gene for a totally different function as a result of a mutation?

What led to the evolution of the ability to consume citrate in E. coli?

Which statement best describes paralogs?

What is the term for the process of reorganizing a preexisting regulatory network resulting in a major evolutionary event?

Which event is an example of the evolution of a complex trait through gene duplication?

What is the term for the recruitment of venom genes from genes expressed in multiple snake organs?

What is the term used to describe similarity in traits or sequences due to inheritance from a common ancestor?

Which genetic concept reflects the idea that flies and mice use homologous genes for dorsal-ventral patterning?

What does the expression of HOXd13 in zebrafish and mouse embryos demonstrate about gene evolution?

Why are flies and mice more likely to have homologous genes for dorsal-ventral patterning?

What aspect of genetic networks often controls complex adaptations?

Which of the following can have drastic effects on animal embryo development?

What controls the shared ancestry of complex traits according to the text?

Which genetic concept experiences selection for a common, often novel, function?

What are complex adaptations controlled by?

What is often involved in the development of animal embryos according to the text?

What is the focus of the lecture 'Quantitative Traits and Genetics'?

Which concept refers to the occurrence of an allele at one locus being nonrandomly associated with the presence of an allele at another locus?

What does 'Polygenic trait' refer to in genetics?

Which term describes the evolutionary relationships among different taxa?

What generates genetic variation by mixing alleles?

What type of traits tend to vary continuously among individuals?

In quantitative genetics, what is the term for the mixing and matching of alleles?

What does linkage disequilibrium in cats reflect, according to Alhaddad et al. 2013?

What does Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis aim to link?

What do Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify?

How is the relationship between phenotype and genotype understood in QTL analysis?

What is the main focus of GWAS according to Palmer and Kronforst. 2020?

How is linkage disequilibrium influenced in close loci on the same chromosome?

Why are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) often used in QTL analysis?

What can be inferred about loci close together on the same chromosome based on the degree of linkage?

What is a main requirement for natural selection to occur?

Which component of fitness refers to an individual's reproductive success?

Which scientist contributed significantly to the understanding of natural selection but is not always credited with the discovery?

What type of selection favors alleles that lower fitness?

Which concept describes the contribution of individuals with one genotype compared to the fittest genotype in the population?

What do organisms need to possess for natural selection to occur?

Which scenario would violate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

'Fitness' in evolutionary terms is best described as:

What type of selective response is favored when intermediate size is selected for?

'Variation' in the context of natural selection refers to differences in:

In the context of the text, what property reflects the genotype of an individual?

What type of selection leads to the evolution of similar ecomorphs like the multicolored tanager?

What concept is used to describe the heritability of gall diameter in the text?

What type of genetic change is favored when low-Eda alleles are present at low frequencies in marine environments?

What does the rapid loss of armor in Loberg Lake indicate about evolution?

Which genetic concept involves the production of variable lateral plates in stickleback due to Eda signaling?

What aspect of natural selection does the repeated evolution of Anole 'ecomorphs' illustrate?

'Replicated changes as natural experiments' suggest which evolutionary outcome?

'High-Eda' and 'Low-Eda' alleles affecting armor in sticklebacks are examples of what genetic phenomenon?

How did severe drought affecting the availability of food lead to the evolution of larger-beaked birds?

In the context of natural selection, what does 'directional selection' refer to?

What factor can lead to rapid changes in a population according to the text?

How does coat color variation affect fitness in oldfield mice according to Hopi Hoekstra's research?

What is implied by 'heritability' in the context of coat color variation affecting fitness in oldfield mice?

What phenomenon can lead to differences in fitness and survival among individuals in a population?

'Crypsis' in feather lice refers to:

'Impaired preening ability' in painted lice studied by Bush et al. 2019 implies:

'Experimentally induced evolution toward lighter coloration in pigeon lice' illustrates:

What do experiments by Bush et al. 2019 on more conspicuous lice being removed by pigeons suggest?