18 Questions
What is the purpose of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)?
To shift decision making from intuition and unsystematic clinical experience to increase the use of scientific, clinically relevant research
What is the term introduced by Archie Cochrane in 1992 to emphasize the use of systematic review of evidence in treatment decisions?
Evidence-Based Medicine
What does Evidence Informed Practice aim to do?
Integrate the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
What was the research/practice gap after the introduction of Evidence-Based Medicine?
17 years
What is the systematic influence that distorts comparisons in research studies?
Selection bias
What can influence research outcomes in medical and surgical trials, with a more pronounced effect in drug trials?
Industry funding
What is the measurement of the relationship between two variables, and it does not imply causation?
Correlation
What type of bias involves systematically different groups due to inadequate randomization?
Selection bias
What may reduce options according to a common misconception?
Limiting treatments to proven effective ones
What is a systematic influence that distorts comparisons in research studies?
Selection bias
Which type of bias refers to systematic differences in the care provided apart from the intervention being assessed?
Performance bias
What type of bias is characterized by systematic differences in withdrawals from the trial?
Attrition bias
In a study, if participants who are aware of being observed alter their behavior, what type of bias is this an example of?
Observation bias
Which principle of causation refers to the cause coming before the effect?
Temporality
What principle of causation states that a stronger association provides better evidence of a cause/effect relationship?
Strength
What does 'dose-response relationship' in the principle of causation refer to?
Varying amounts of the cause result in varying amounts of the effect.
What type of evidence for cause/effect relationship does 'reversibility' in the principle of causation support?
The association between cause and effect is reversible.
What does 'consistency' in the principle of causation refer to?
If several studies conducted at different times, in different settings, and with different patients come to the same conclusions.
Study Notes
- Arguments for avoiding or decreasing reliance on clinical experience alone: false attribution, lack of follow-up, small sample size, rose-coloured glasses
- Use literature, more credible sources to make informed decisions, efficient use of resources, improved clinical care
- Arguments for stopping ineffective practices: consistency within/across professions, communication and collaboration, promotes inquiry, continual improvement
- Misconception: limiting treatments to proven effective ones may reduce options, challenging to study complex situations, complex interventions, concerns about undermining naturopathic philosophy
- Essential to understand and critically evaluate research for proper application
- Industry funding can influence research outcomes in medical and surgical trials, and this influence is more pronounced in drug trials
- Science involves systematic study of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation, empirical method of acquiring knowledge, correlation vs causation
- Correlation is a measurement of the relationship between two variables, and it does not imply causation
- Confounding factors can influence research results, making it difficult to determine causality
- Bias is a systematic influence that distorts comparisons, and it can impact any kind of research study
- Selection bias: systematically different groups due to inadequate randomization, likely influenced by factors like socio-economic status, education level, etc.
Test your knowledge on evidence-based medicine, the scientific method, critical appraisal of health research, and principles of causation and correlation.
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