European Social Change Post-French Revolution

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Questions and Answers

What was the purpose of nationalising industry and banks in November 1917?

To allow private ownership to flourish

To transfer ownership and management to the government (correct)

To privatise land for nobility

To increase foreign investment in Russia

What happened to the Constituent Assembly in January 1918?

It successfully enacted a new constitution

It gained majority support for Bolshevik measures

It dissolved due to a lack of interest from the public

It was dismissed by Lenin after rejecting Bolshevik measures (correct)

What was the outcome of the peace made by the Bolsheviks in March 1918?

It resulted in the Bolsheviks erasing all political opposition

It marked the beginning of a one-party state in Russia (correct)

It encouraged other nations to join the Bolshevik cause

It led to a lasting alliance with Germany

What was the role of trade unions after the Bolshevik Revolution?

They were kept under party control Signup and view all the answers

What was a common response from artists and writers after aligning with the Bolshevik Party?

They often felt disillusioned due to censorship Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary demand of the workers during the strike in St Petersburg?

Reduction of the working day to eight hours Signup and view all the answers

What significant event is known as Bloody Sunday?

The police attack on striking workers Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of the Tsar towards the Duma after the 1905 Revolution?

He dismissed the first Duma within 75 days Signup and view all the answers

Who established the Union of Unions during the 1905 Revolution?

Medical professionals and engineers Signup and view all the answers

What did the revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905 mainly stem from?

Demand for civil liberties Signup and view all the answers

What type of government body was allowed to be created after the 1905 Revolution?

Elected consultative Parliament or Duma Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of most committees and unions after 1905?

They were declared illegal Signup and view all the answers

Which war broke out in 1914 that involved Russia?

World War I Signup and view all the answers

What action did Marfa Vasileva take that initiated the strike?

She stopped work Signup and view all the answers

What did Marfa Vasileva refuse to return to work despite receiving?

A loaf of bread Signup and view all the answers

What principle did Marfa express when refusing to work?

Equality among workers Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Vladimir Lenin return to Russia from exile?

1917 Signup and view all the answers

What type of government were the liberals and socialists working towards?

Elected government Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a change Lenin called for?

Private ownership of banks Signup and view all the answers

What was one result of the liberal and socialist efforts in public policy?

Removing restrictions on public meetings Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant shift in worker participation during the impromptu strike?

All workers joined together Signup and view all the answers

What economic issue was Soviet Russia facing by 1927-1928?

Acute grain supply shortages Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced emergency measures to address grain supply issues?

Joseph Stalin Signup and view all the answers

What did the peasants refuse to do during the grain supply crisis?

Sell their grain at fixed prices Signup and view all the answers

What action was taken against the 'kulaks' during the grain collection efforts?

Their stocks were confiscated Signup and view all the answers

Why was collectivisation deemed necessary according to the government?

To modernise small-sized peasant farms Signup and view all the answers

What year did the government begin to enforce grain collections?

1928 Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of collectivisation in agriculture?

To run farms along industrial lines Signup and view all the answers

What was the age of the worker writing to Kalinin about going to work?

13 years old Signup and view all the answers

What was the name given to the movement led by women seeking better working conditions?

International Women’s Day Signup and view all the answers

What action did the government take in response to the demonstrations on Nevskii Prospekt?

They imposed a curfew. Signup and view all the answers

Which event led to soldiers refusing to fire on demonstrators?

The officer being shot at the barracks. Signup and view all the answers

What was established in the Duma after the February Revolution?

The Petrograd Soviet. Signup and view all the answers

What advice did military commanders give to the Tsar?

To abdicate the throne. Signup and view all the answers

What significant political change occurred after the Tsar abdicated?

A Provisional Government was formed. Signup and view all the answers

What major issue did demonstrators rally for during the February Revolution?

Bread, wages, better hours and democracy. Signup and view all the answers

Who played a crucial role in organizing a successful strike at the Lorenz telephone factory?

Marfa Vasileva Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of Stalin's collectivisation programme?

To establish state-controlled large farms. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the cattle population between 1929 and 1931?

It fell by one-third. Signup and view all the answers

How did peasants respond to the collectivisation programme?

They resisted and destroyed their livestock. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the consequences of resisting collectivisation?

Many were severely punished, including deportation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the situation regarding agricultural production immediately after collectivisation?

Production did not increase immediately. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant event that occurred between 1930 and 1933 as a result of collectivisation?

A devastating famine took place. Signup and view all the answers

What was the attitude of Stalin's government towards independent cultivation?

It permitted some independent cultivation but was unsympathetic. Signup and view all the answers

What did peasants argue regarding their wealth and socialism?

They were not rich and did not oppose socialism. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

European society after the French Revolution experienced significant changes.
Previously, aristocracy and the Church controlled economic and social power.
New ideas about individual rights began to be discussed in Europe and Asia.
Developments in colonies influenced societal change ideas.
Different viewpoints about societal change existed: gradual change, complete transformation.
Conservatives, liberals, and radicals were political traditions of the 19th century.

Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives

Liberals advocated for religious tolerance and parliamentary governments.
They opposed dynastic rule and prioritized individual rights.
Not necessarily in favor of universal adult suffrage, preferring property-owning men to vote.
Radicals supported broader participation and challenged privileges of wealthy landowners.
Disapproved of concentrated property ownership and supported greater control of social power by the majority.
Conservatives opposed radical change and favored maintaining old traditions.

The 19th century saw profound social and economic shifts.
New cities and industrial zones emerged, along with expanded railways and the Industrial Revolution.
Industrialization led to long working hours, low wages, and widespread unemployment.
Problems with housing and sanitation were a result of rapid urban growth.

The Coming of Socialism to Europe

Socialists opposed private property, viewing it as a source of social ills.
They suggested collective ownership, and cooperative communities.
Key figures like Robert Owen, and Louis Blanc developed ideas regarding cooperatives.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels critiqued industrial society and advocated for a socialist revolution
They argued that workers should overthrow capitalism and establish a communist society.

The Russian Empire in 1914

The Russian Empire spanned vast territories.
Tsar Nicholas II ruled.
Primarily an agricultural society, although some industrialization was present.
Included various ethnic groups and religions.
Many of the people were deeply religious.
Peasants and nobles had varying social and economic positions.

The 1905 Revolution

The 1905 Revolution was sparked by several issues, including food shortages, demand for better working conditions and labor practices, and the lack of civil liberties.
The Bloody Sunday incident was a key event in igniting this revolution.
Workers, students, and other groups protested for change due to discontent surrounding conditions and issues.

The First World War and the Russian Empire

WWI had a severe impact on Russia, leading to widespread casualties, economic turmoil.
Discontent grew towards the Tsar and his policies.
Food shortages and economic hardship increased.
The army's losses and morale issues contributed to widespread discontent.

The February Revolution in Petrograd

Conditions in Petrograd were harsh during the winter of 1917.
Food shortages, coupled with growing discontent over war efforts led to widespread strikes, including by women.
Soldiers began joining the workers and other people.
This led to the Tsar's abdication. -A Provisional Government was established.

After February

Army officials, landowners and industrialists held influential positions within the Provisional Government.
Bolshevik ideas gained traction.
Lenin, a Bolshevik leader, returned to Russia.
Soviets emerged as local power structures outside of the government authority.

The Revolution of October 1917

Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized power.
The Provisional Government was overthrown in October 1917.
The Bolsheviks established a socialist government.
A Military Revolutionary Committee directed this action. -The Bolsheviks initiated reforms focused on land redistribution and other social and economic transformations.
After the revolution, Russia became a one-party state under the control of the Communist Party.

What Changed after October

The Bolsheviks nationalized industries and banks.
Land was redistributed to the peasantry.
Aristocratic titles and possessions were abolished. -New uniforms were designed for the army and officials. -Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party. -Russian political landscape changed significantly.

Stalinism and Collectivisation

The period of the early Planned Economy was linked to the disasters of the collectivization of agriculture in terms of social and political aspects
Stalin introduced firm emergency measures. -Grain was confiscated from peasants.
Collectivization of farms forced in 1929.
Land and livestock were transferred to collectives.
There was resistance from people, and this caused major famine, because of reduced agricultural production.

The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR

Socialist parties emerged in Europe.
Colonial peoples were encouraged to follow the example of Russia.
Internationalist organization (Comintern) was established by the Bolsheviks.
The USSR became a major player in the global political scene by the WWII era.

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Explore the significant societal transformations in Europe after the French Revolution. This quiz covers the shifts in power dynamics, the rise of liberal and radical ideologies, and the diverse perspectives on social change during the 19th century. Test your knowledge on the influence of these movements and their impact on modern politics.