25 Questions
What was the main goal of the 1950 Schuman Declaration?
To eliminate the age-old opposition of France and Germany
Which treaty was signed in 1951 as part of the European integration process?
The Paris Treaty
What is the term used to describe the method of decision-making within the European Communities?
Supranationalism
According to the Schuman Declaration, how was Europe envisaged to be built?
Through concrete achievements creating a de facto solidarity
What is identified as indispensable to the maintenance of peaceful relations in the Schuman Declaration?
The contribution of an organized and living Europe to civilization
In the context of the Schuman Declaration, what does 'de facto solidarity' refer to?
Solidarity created through concrete achievements
What was the primary aim of the 1950 Schuman Declaration?
To establish a foundation for economic development and peace between France and Germany
What role did the common High Authority have according to the Schuman Declaration?
Modernizing production, improving quality, and ensuring identical terms for all markets
What were the transitional measures mentioned in the Schuman Declaration?
Production and investment plans, compensating machinery, and a restructuring fund
What did the Schuman Declaration aim to ensure in terms of production?
Fusion of markets and the expansion of production, contrasting international cartels
What was the purpose of accrediting a United Nations representative to the Authority?
To report on the Authority's working twice yearly
Why did France express concerns about Germany's economic reawakening and steel production dominance?
To make war between France and Germany 'materially impossible'
Which country proposed the 1961 'Union of the European peoples' without supranational institutions?
France
What were the main objectives of the 1961 'Union of the European peoples' proposed by France?
Common foreign and defence policy + development of common heritage and protection of values
Which country rejected the 1961 and 1962 Fouchet Plans proposed by France?
Netherlands
In which year did France veto UK accession to the European Council?
1963
What practical result emerged from the 1966 Luxembourg Compromise with France?
No voting in Council decisions until 1986
With which countries did the EEC have close association for economic development since the 1960s?
17 African countries and Madagascar
What major trade relations did the EEC participate in during the 1970s?
'Kennedy Round' of GATT
Who served as the first president of the High Authority?
Jean Monnet
What was the date when the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) treaty entered into force?
23 July 1952
Which institution was responsible for ensuring the objectives of the ECSC treaty were attained?
High Authority
What event led to the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)?
French Assembly's rejection of the European Defense Community
Which treaty used the 'Community method' for proposing legislation?
EEC Treaty
What role did the Court of Justice play in the development of European integration?
Direct effect and primacy of Treaty provisions
Study Notes
- European integration was proposed as an alternative to expropriation, fragmentation, and disarmament for Germany, with the goal of obtaining equal rights (Gleichberechtigung)
- The US, specifically Secretary of State Dean Acheson, urged Schuman in December 1949 to adopt a more constructive approach to the German question
- The 1951 Paris Treaty was signed on 18 April 1951, forming the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and entering into force on 23 July 1952
- Jean Monnet served as the first president of the High Authority from 1952 to 1954
- The ECSC Treaty established four institutions: the High Authority, Council, Assembly, and Court of Justice
- The High Authority was responsible for ensuring objectives of the Treaty were attained, including making binding decisions
- The Council had a mainly consultative role to harmonize the action of the High Authority and governments, with some cases requiring consent
- The Assembly consisted of members selected by their national parliaments, with the power to ask questions and dismiss the High Authority via motion of censure
- The Court of Justice ensured the rule of law in the interpretation and application of the Treaty and its implementing regulations
- The ECSC was considered a success in advancing European integration and making war impossible, but policy-wise it was a failure in terms of reconcentration instead of decartelization and paralysis of the High Authority
- After the French Assembly rejected the European Defense Community in August 1954, consensus grew for more ambitious integration, leading to the 1957 Rome Treaties and the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
- The EEC Treaty used the "Community method" with the European Commission proposing legislation, the Council disposing, and the European Parliament gradually gaining more legislative powers and budgetary powers
- The Court of Justice played a crucial role in the development of European integration with landmark judgments on the direct effect and primacy of Treaty provisions.
Test your knowledge of European integration, the German question, and the events leading up to the 1951 Paris Treaty. This quiz covers topics such as occupation, Gleichberechtigung, and the negotiations between the six participating countries.
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