8!!Eukaryotic Gene Transcription and Translation
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What is the primary function of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription?

  • They bind to the RNA transcript to prevent degradation.
  • They catalyze the synthesis of RNA from DNA directly.
  • They assist in the folding of newly synthesized RNA strands.
  • They help to regulate gene expression by forming a complex with RNA polymerase II. (correct)

In eukaryotic cells, which of the following accurately describes RNA polymerase II?

  • It incorporates nucleotides into RNA without the need for a template strand.
  • It requires a complex of general transcription factors to initiate transcription. (correct)
  • It is the only type of RNA polymerase present in eukaryotes.
  • It synthesizes RNA in the 3’-to-5’ direction.

Which component of the eukaryotic transcription initiation complex is specifically responsible for recognizing the core promoter?

  • TFIE
  • TFIID (correct)
  • TFIIF
  • TFIIA

What direction is RNA synthesized during transcription in eukaryotic cells?

<p>5’-to-3’ direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of TFIID in the transcription process?

<p>It initiates the assembly of other transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the core promoter in eukaryotic transcription?

<p>To host the binding site for RNA polymerase and basic transcription machinery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the TATA box is correct?

<p>It is the first core promoter motif identified and recognized by TBP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Downstream Promoter Element (DPE) serve in eukaryotic transcription?

<p>It is involved in the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which consensus sequence corresponds to the Initiator Element (INR)?

<p>YYANWYY (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is commonly flanked by the B recognition element (BRE) in human promoters?

<p>TATA box (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA polymerase is responsible for the transcription of all types of RNA in prokaryotes?

<p>Single RNA polymerase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transcription factor is essential at the core promoter for the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II?

<p>TATA-binding protein (TBP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strand of DNA is used as the template for RNA synthesis?

<p>The 3’-to-5’ strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of transcription factors in the transcription process?

<p>To regulate gene expression and initiate transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different RNA polymerases are present in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of transcription in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is required during translation to synthesize proteins?

<p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly distinguishes the sense and antisense strands of DNA?

<p>The sense strand carries the information for RNA synthesis, the antisense strand does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transcripted by RNA polymerase II during gene transcription?

<p>Complementary RNA from a DNA template (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is replaced in RNA during the process of transcription compared to DNA?

<p>Thymine (T) → Uracil (U) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes eukaryotic RNA polymerases?

<p>There are three different RNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription?

<p>They regulate gene expression and form a pre-initiation complex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component specifically initiates the assembly of other transcription factors and RNA polymerase II?

<p>TFIID (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction is RNA synthesized during transcription?

<p>5’-to-3’ direction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) within TFIID?

<p>It recognizes and binds to the promoter region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the promoter region in base pairs?

<p>100–1000 base pairs long (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is primarily recognized by the transcription factor TATA-binding protein?

<p>TATA box (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the Downstream promoter element (DPE) relative to the transcription start site?

<p>Located about 28–32 nucleotides downstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which consensus sequence is associated with the Initiator element (INR)?

<p>YYANWYY (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to the transcription start site (TSS), where is the core promoter generally found?

<p>From about -40 to +40 base pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is required for the synthesis of proteins during translation?

<p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, what is replaced in RNA compared to DNA?

<p>Thymine (T) is replaced by Uracil (U) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates transcription by binding to the promoter region of DNA?

<p>RNA polymerase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting material required for translation?

<p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes RNA polymerase in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotes possess three distinct RNA polymerases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of general transcription factors in the transcription process?

<p>They are necessary for RNA polymerase II to begin transcription. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the TFIID complex specifically recognize in the transcription initiation process?

<p>The promoter region of DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the DNA strand is referred to as the template strand during RNA synthesis?

<p>The strand that is complementary to the RNA produced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of transcription factors in eukaryotic cells?

<p>They regulate gene expression and initiate transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase

Enzymes that synthesize RNA from a DNA template in eukaryotes, having three types (I, II, III).

Transcription Factors

Proteins that bind to DNA promoter regions, helping RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

General Transcription Factors (GTFs)

A group of transcription factors required for RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription initiation.

TFIID

A complex of transcription factors, including TBP and TAFs, which binds to the promoter region, initiating assembly of other transcription factors and RNA Polymerase II for transcription.

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RNA template strand

The DNA strand that is read (3' → 5') to synthesize the complementary RNA strand (5' → 3') during transcription.

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Eukaryotic Gene Promoter

DNA region where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.

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Core Promoter Element

Regulatory region close to the transcription start site, crucial for basic gene transcription. It has elements like TATA Box, Initiator, and DPE.

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TATA Box

Specific DNA sequence in the core promoter; crucial for RNA polymerase binding.

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Initiator Element (INR)

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic core promoters that helps initiate RNA polymerase binding.

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Downstream Promoter Element (DPE)

Regulatory DNA sequence found downstream of the transcription start site of a eukaryotic gene.

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From Genes to Proteins

The process of converting genetic information from DNA into functional proteins, involving transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).

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Transcription

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template in the nucleus. Requires RNA polymerase II and transcription factors to create messenger RNA (mRNA).

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Translation

The synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm using information encoded in mRNA. Requires ribosomes, tRNA, and mRNA.

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Sense Strand

The DNA strand that has the same sequence as the newly synthesized RNA strand, but with thymine (T) replaced by uracil (U).

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Antisense Strand

The DNA strand that is complementary to the sense strand and serves as the template for RNA synthesis.

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RNA Polymerase in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells have three different types of RNA polymerase: RNA polymerase I, II, and III. Each polymerase is responsible for transcribing different types of RNA.

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Transcription Factors: The Helpers

Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA and help RNA polymerase initiate transcription. They act like traffic controllers, ensuring the process runs smoothly.

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TFIID: The Core Promoter Recognizer

TFIID is a complex transcription factor made of TBP (TATA-binding protein) and TAFs (TBP-associated factors). It recognizes and binds to the promoter region, initiating the assembly of other transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.

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Template Strand: The 'Guide'

The template strand is the DNA strand that is read by RNA polymerase (3' to 5') to synthesize the complementary RNA strand (5' to 3').

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RNA Polymerase in Transcription

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. It reads the template strand (3' to 5') and builds a complementary RNA strand (5' to 3').

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Core Promoter

A specific DNA region located at the start of a gene where RNA polymerase II binds and starts transcription.

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Promoter Region

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to begin the process of transcription. It contains specific elements that determine which DNA strand is used as a template and influences the efficiency of transcription.

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What is the central dogma?

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It's the fundamental process of gene expression.

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Sense vs. Antisense

The sense strand of DNA has the same sequence as the newly synthesized RNA strand, while the antisense strand is used as the template for transcription.

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RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription. It reads the DNA sequence and creates complementary RNA.

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RNA Polymerase Direction

RNA is synthesized in the 5’-to-3’ direction, meaning the RNA strand is built by adding nucleotides to the 3' end.

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Template Strand

The 3’-to-5’ DNA strand that is used as a guide to synthesize the complementary RNA strand is called the template strand.

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Study Notes

Eukaryotic Gene Transcription and Translation

  • Eukaryotic gene transcription and translation is a complex process occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm respectively
  • This involves multiple steps, including DNA transcription into RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA), mRNA processing, and translation of mRNA into protein in the ribosomes

Molecular Mechanisms of Disease

  • The diagram shows a eukaryotic cell with various organelles including: the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), cytoskeleton, mitochondria, and ribosomes
  • Components found in the nucleus include chromatin, nuclear pore, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and glycogen granules
  • Cytoskeleton components include microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and also microvilli, centrosome, and centriole
  • Other organelles identified in the cell include: plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, lysosome, peroxisome
  • Flagellum and Cillum are components of the cell

Transcription

  • Transcription is the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template in the nucleus
  • Starting materials include DNA as the template, and required machinery such as RNA polymerase II and transcription factors
  • End product: messenger RNA (mRNA) after processing

Translation

  • Translation is the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm, using information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Starting materials include mRNA, required machinery such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), ribosomal proteins, and transfer RNA (tRNAs)
  • End product: polypeptide

Sense vs Antisense DNA Strands

  • The coding strand (sense strand) has the same sequence as the mRNA, except thymine is replaced by uracil
  • The template strand (antisense strand) dictates the sequence of the mRNA during transcription

Transcription - Both Strands Encode Genes

  • DNA has 3.6 x 104 base pairs
  • Both DNA strands are transcribed although only one strand serves as a template for the first mRNA sequence being created

Transcription - RNA Polymerase

  • RNA polymerase binds to DNA, initiates transcription at a promoter region, and incorporates nucleotides into a complementary RNA strand from the template strand
  • Eukaryotes have three slightly different RNA Polymerases (I, II, III) that handle different types of RNA
    • RNA polymerase I is responsible for most ribosomal RNA
    • RNA polymerase II is responsible for mRNA transcripts
    • RNA polymerase III is involved in producing tRNA and 5S rRNA

Eukaryote Transcription - Core Promoter

  • The core promoter is the site on DNA where RNA polymerase binds before initiating transcription
  • Key elements include: -TATA box -Initiator element (INR) -Proximal promoter element -Downstream promoter element (DPE)
  • These elements are within about 250 base pairs of the transcription start site.

Eukaryote Transcription - Enhancer Regions

  • These regions can be upstream (up to 50,000 base pairs) or downstream of the start site
  • Enhancers enhance the rate of transcription by binding transcription factors that interact with the pre-initiation complex of the promoter region of a gene.

Eukaryote Transcription - Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC)

  • A complex of approximately 100 proteins necessary for transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes
  • Components include:
    • TFIID
    • RNA polymerase II
    • TFIIB
    • TFIIA

Eukaryote Transcription - Elongation

  • Extension of the RNA transcript using the DNA template by RNA Polymerase II
  • RNA polymerase incorporates 20-50 nucleotides into the RNA molecule per second
  • The region of unwound DNA is ~13 bp wide and is called the transcription bubble
  • During elongation, the transcription bubble moves along the DNA, unwinding and rewinding it as needed, relieved by topoisomerases

Eukaryote Transcription - Termination

  • In eukaryotes, there is no well-defined sequence for termination
  • Termination in eukaryotes is often associated with polyadenylation signal sequence (PAS) often appearing as AAUAAA
  • This region of RNA determines the ultimate length of the mRNA by processing steps, followed by addition of Adenosines at the 3' end -> polyadenylation
  • The AAUAAA sequence is found well past the end of coding region leading to the poly-A tail

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HSS2305A 2024 Lecture 8 PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on the intricacies of eukaryotic gene transcription and translation, outlining the processes that occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Participants will explore key components involved in transcription, mRNA processing, and translation into proteins. Gain a deeper understanding of cellular mechanisms and organelles involved in these fundamental biological processes.

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