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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase II in transcription?
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase II in transcription?
What is the end product of transcription?
What is the end product of transcription?
In the process of translation, which molecule carries the genetic information from mRNA to the ribosome?
In the process of translation, which molecule carries the genetic information from mRNA to the ribosome?
Which molecule is NOT required for the transcription process?
Which molecule is NOT required for the transcription process?
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How does the coding strand of DNA relate to the newly synthesized RNA strand?
How does the coding strand of DNA relate to the newly synthesized RNA strand?
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What is the primary function of the promoter region in gene transcription?
What is the primary function of the promoter region in gene transcription?
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Which element of the core promoter is recognized by the TATA-binding protein (TBP)?
Which element of the core promoter is recognized by the TATA-binding protein (TBP)?
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Where is the downstream promoter element (DPE) located in relation to the transcription start site?
Where is the downstream promoter element (DPE) located in relation to the transcription start site?
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Which factor recognizes the B recognition element (BRE)?
Which factor recognizes the B recognition element (BRE)?
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Which statement is true regarding the TATA box?
Which statement is true regarding the TATA box?
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What is the primary role of the 5' cap added to mRNA during processing?
What is the primary role of the 5' cap added to mRNA during processing?
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Which enzyme is responsible for adding the poly(A) tail to the newly synthesized mRNA?
Which enzyme is responsible for adding the poly(A) tail to the newly synthesized mRNA?
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What sequence typically signals the end of transcription for mRNA?
What sequence typically signals the end of transcription for mRNA?
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Which of the following describes the function of the methyl groups added during the capping of 5' mRNA?
Which of the following describes the function of the methyl groups added during the capping of 5' mRNA?
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What is the total approximate length of the poly(A) tail added to mRNA?
What is the total approximate length of the poly(A) tail added to mRNA?
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What are exons primarily responsible for?
What are exons primarily responsible for?
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What sequences are found at the exon-intron boundaries?
What sequences are found at the exon-intron boundaries?
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Which role do exonic splicing enhancers (ESE) perform in RNA splicing?
Which role do exonic splicing enhancers (ESE) perform in RNA splicing?
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What percentage of human inherited diseases is estimated to arise from splicing errors?
What percentage of human inherited diseases is estimated to arise from splicing errors?
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Which of the following components are included in small nuclear ribonuclear proteins (snRNPs)?
Which of the following components are included in small nuclear ribonuclear proteins (snRNPs)?
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What structure serves as a gateway across the nuclear envelope for RNAs and proteins?
What structure serves as a gateway across the nuclear envelope for RNAs and proteins?
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Which of the following signals indicates that a protein should be transported into the nucleus?
Which of the following signals indicates that a protein should be transported into the nucleus?
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What type of macromolecules does the hydrophobic mesh formed by FG domains in nucleoporins block?
What type of macromolecules does the hydrophobic mesh formed by FG domains in nucleoporins block?
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Which proteins are responsible for ferrying proteins across the nuclear envelope?
Which proteins are responsible for ferrying proteins across the nuclear envelope?
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Which proteins are exclusively engaged in the export of mature mRNAs from the nucleus?
Which proteins are exclusively engaged in the export of mature mRNAs from the nucleus?
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What primarily determines the transcriptional state of myofibers and skin fibroblasts?
What primarily determines the transcriptional state of myofibers and skin fibroblasts?
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Which category of transcription factors binds specifically to regulatory sites of a particular gene?
Which category of transcription factors binds specifically to regulatory sites of a particular gene?
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What is the role of zinc fingers in transcription factors?
What is the role of zinc fingers in transcription factors?
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What is the primary function of the activation domain in a transcription factor?
What is the primary function of the activation domain in a transcription factor?
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What feature of transcription factors allows them to regulate multiple genes?
What feature of transcription factors allows them to regulate multiple genes?
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What does a score of 1 point signify in the context of treatment efficacy discussion?
What does a score of 1 point signify in the context of treatment efficacy discussion?
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Which scenario describes a score of 3 points?
Which scenario describes a score of 3 points?
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What is required for a score of 4 points regarding limitations and side effects?
What is required for a score of 4 points regarding limitations and side effects?
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Which additional factor is suggested to be relevant in evaluating treatments?
Which additional factor is suggested to be relevant in evaluating treatments?
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What is indicated by references not being from within the last 10 years?
What is indicated by references not being from within the last 10 years?
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What does the term 'semi-conservative replication' refer to in DNA replication?
What does the term 'semi-conservative replication' refer to in DNA replication?
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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?
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What are replicons in the context of eukaryotic DNA replication?
What are replicons in the context of eukaryotic DNA replication?
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What is the role of the replication fork during DNA replication?
What is the role of the replication fork during DNA replication?
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How many different origins of replication are estimated to be in human cells?
How many different origins of replication are estimated to be in human cells?
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What is the direction in which new DNA strands are synthesized during replication?
What is the direction in which new DNA strands are synthesized during replication?
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What are Okazaki fragments?
What are Okazaki fragments?
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Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication in prokaryotes?
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication in prokaryotes?
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What role do licensing factors play in eukaryotic DNA replication?
What role do licensing factors play in eukaryotic DNA replication?
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Which mechanism reduces mismatch errors during DNA replication?
Which mechanism reduces mismatch errors during DNA replication?
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What type of genetic mutation involves a permanent change in the DNA sequence but does not change the overall protein function?
What type of genetic mutation involves a permanent change in the DNA sequence but does not change the overall protein function?
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What genetic alteration is characterized by the presence of extra copies of a whole chromosome?
What genetic alteration is characterized by the presence of extra copies of a whole chromosome?
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Which gene is commonly associated with repeat expansion mutations leading to Huntington's Disease?
Which gene is commonly associated with repeat expansion mutations leading to Huntington's Disease?
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What is the term for genetic mutations that arise in germ cells and can be passed to offspring?
What is the term for genetic mutations that arise in germ cells and can be passed to offspring?
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Which of the following best describes a frameshift mutation?
Which of the following best describes a frameshift mutation?
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What type of mutation occurs during germline development or immediately after fertilization?
What type of mutation occurs during germline development or immediately after fertilization?
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What do homozygous genotypes consist of?
What do homozygous genotypes consist of?
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In an autosomal dominant disorder, what is the likelihood of an affected child if one parent is affected?
In an autosomal dominant disorder, what is the likelihood of an affected child if one parent is affected?
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What is an incorrect characteristic of recessive alleles?
What is an incorrect characteristic of recessive alleles?
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What is true regarding autosomal dominant disorders?
What is true regarding autosomal dominant disorders?
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What structural feature is characteristic of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
What structural feature is characteristic of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
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Which component is responsible for activating the G protein upon ligand binding to a GPCR?
Which component is responsible for activating the G protein upon ligand binding to a GPCR?
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What is the primary role of the effector protein in GPCR signaling?
What is the primary role of the effector protein in GPCR signaling?
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Which of the following is NOT a component involved in the GPCR signaling pathway?
Which of the following is NOT a component involved in the GPCR signaling pathway?
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What happens to the Gα subunit of a G protein after GTP is bound?
What happens to the Gα subunit of a G protein after GTP is bound?
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What is the primary role of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in cellular signaling?
What is the primary role of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in cellular signaling?
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Which amino acids are primarily involved in the phosphorylation process discussed in cell signaling?
Which amino acids are primarily involved in the phosphorylation process discussed in cell signaling?
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What effect can protein phosphorylation have on cellular behavior?
What effect can protein phosphorylation have on cellular behavior?
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Which of the following is NOT a function related to protein phosphorylation?
Which of the following is NOT a function related to protein phosphorylation?
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What can differential phospho patterns between cell types indicate?
What can differential phospho patterns between cell types indicate?
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Which second messenger is primarily associated with the Gq signaling pathway?
Which second messenger is primarily associated with the Gq signaling pathway?
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What is the role of the transcription factor CREB in the context of cAMP signaling?
What is the role of the transcription factor CREB in the context of cAMP signaling?
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What type of receptor primarily engages in signal transduction involving IP3 and DAG?
What type of receptor primarily engages in signal transduction involving IP3 and DAG?
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What effect does the Gs protein have on adenylyl cyclase activity?
What effect does the Gs protein have on adenylyl cyclase activity?
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Which of the following pathways is primarily linked to excessive cell proliferation and malignancies?
Which of the following pathways is primarily linked to excessive cell proliferation and malignancies?
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What is the effect of light on cGMP levels in rod cells?
What is the effect of light on cGMP levels in rod cells?
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Which effector enzyme is associated with the Gαt protein in the signaling pathway of vision?
Which effector enzyme is associated with the Gαt protein in the signaling pathway of vision?
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What is the consequence of mutations in the RGS9 gene for visual perception?
What is the consequence of mutations in the RGS9 gene for visual perception?
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What role do phospholipid phosphatases play in cell signaling?
What role do phospholipid phosphatases play in cell signaling?
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Which secondary messenger is generated from the cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)?
Which secondary messenger is generated from the cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)?
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Which type of receptor is NOT included in the classification of cell signaling receptors?
Which type of receptor is NOT included in the classification of cell signaling receptors?
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What is the end product after ATP is converted in a G-protein coupled receptor pathway involving glucagon?
What is the end product after ATP is converted in a G-protein coupled receptor pathway involving glucagon?
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Which molecule is activated as a part of the intracellular signaling pathway when a ligand binds to a G-protein coupled receptor?
Which molecule is activated as a part of the intracellular signaling pathway when a ligand binds to a G-protein coupled receptor?
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Which component is responsible for releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores in G-protein coupled pathways?
Which component is responsible for releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores in G-protein coupled pathways?
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What does DAG primarily activate in a G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway?
What does DAG primarily activate in a G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway?
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What is one function of second messengers in cell signaling?
What is one function of second messengers in cell signaling?
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Which receptor type involves a dimerization process upon ligand binding?
Which receptor type involves a dimerization process upon ligand binding?
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Which of the following examples is a ligand for receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which of the following examples is a ligand for receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
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What is a characteristic feature of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What is a characteristic feature of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
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Which type of receptor plays a significant role in the immune response by generating diversity?
Which type of receptor plays a significant role in the immune response by generating diversity?
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Study Notes
Eukaryotic Gene Transcription and Translation
- Eukaryotic gene transcription and translation are the processes by which genetic information is used to synthesize proteins in eukaryotic organisms.
- Transcription is the process where a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence
- Translation is the process where the RNA sequence is used to synthesize a protein.
- The process of transcription and translation are vital for the production of proteins necessary for cellular functions.
Molecular Mechanisms of Disease: Cellular Components
- The diagram depicts a eukaryotic cell, highlighting various cellular components.
- Cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microvilli, centrosome (pericentriolar material, centrioles)
- Nucleus: Chromatin, nuclear pore, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, glycogen granules
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Rough ER, smooth ER
- Golgi complex
- Plasma membrane
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Proteasomes
- Ribosomes (free and attached to rough ER)
- Secretory vesicles
Transcription
- Involves the synthesis of complementary RNA from a DNA template in the nucleus.
- Starting material: DNA
- Required machinery: RNA polymerase II, transcription factors.
- End product: messenger RNA (mRNA) after processing.
Translation
- Involves the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm using information encoded by mRNA.
- Starting material: mRNA
- Required machinery: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal protein, transfer RNA (tRNAs)
- End product: polypeptide
- The Central Dogma involves transcription of DNA to RNA and then translation of RNA to proteins
Transcription: Sense and Antisense DNA
- The coding strand's sequence is identical to the newly synthesized RNA strand.
- The template strand (antisense) is complementary to the newly synthesized RNA.
- Thymine (T) in DNA is replaced by uracil (U) in RNA.
- RNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction
- The 3′ to 5′ DNA strand is used as the template for transcription.
Transcription: Transcription Units and Genes
- Transcription units encode one or more genes.
- Both strands of DNA generally encode genes (in opposite directions).
- A prokaryotic transcription unit typically codes for multiple proteins.
- Eukaryotic transcription units typically code for a single protein gene.
Transcription: Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
- Eukaryotes use three different RNA polymerases to transcribe the different types of RNA.
- RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA.
- RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA.
- RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA.
Transcription: The Core Promoter
- Site on DNA where RNA polymerase binds prior to transcription initiation.
- Specifies which strand of DNA should serve as template.
- Composed of core promoter elements, located in close proximity to the transcription start site (+1).
Eukaryotic Core Promoter Elements
- TATA box, BRE, Inr, DPE, initiator elements
Transcription: Enhancer Regions
- Enhancer regions are located some distance upstream of the transcription start site.
- Enhancers bind transcription factors and affect gene expression rate.
- Enhancers can affect gene expression both positively (increase) and negatively (decrease).
Eukaryotic Transcription: Initiation
- The preinitiation complex (PIC) forms at the core promoter.
- General transcription factors (GTFs) assemble at the promoter, and help position RNA polymerase.
- Transcription initiation begins when the RNA polymerase II complex unwinds the DNA and initiates RNA synthesis after phosphorylation of CTD.
Eukaryotic Transcription: Elongation
- RNA polymerase continues to slide along the DNA template synthesizing the mRNA.
- Approximately 20-50 nucleotides are added per second.
- Positive supercoiling in front, and negative supercoiling behind the RNA polymerase.
Eukaryotic Transcription: Termination
- In eukaryotes, transcription termination is less well-defined.
- A Polyadenylation signal sequence (PAS) triggers mRNA cleavage and addition of a poly(A) tail (a string of adenine nucleotides).
- Eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing steps before translation begins.
Transcription Factors
- Proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences.
- Examples are general transcription factors (GTFs) and specific transcription factors.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential processes of eukaryotic gene transcription and translation, including how DNA is transcribed into RNA and how RNA is translated into proteins. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for grasping how proteins are synthesized in eukaryotic cells. Additionally, it touches on the role of various cellular components in these processes.
