Eukaryotic Gene Transcription and Translation

<p>To denature the DNA and position it for transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TFIID (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stabilizes the PIC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains kinase activity for phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A phosphodiester bond forms between the first two RNA nucleotides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TFIIH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in the elongation phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA primer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow RNA polymerase to access the DNA template (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20-50 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>13 bp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to the 5’ α-phosphate of the incoming nucleoside triphosphate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 inorganic phosphates (Pi) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stabilizes the elongation complex with around 8-9 base pairs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To incorporate nucleotides into a strand of RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3’-to-5’ strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assemble at the core promoter to initiate transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription elongation factor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General transcription factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5’-to-3’ direction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA polymerase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triggers the uncoupling of RNA Polymerase from the PIC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TFIIH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triggers uncoupling from the PIC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sequence of 7 amino acid repeating domain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are released during elongation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binds to the TATA box to initiate PIC formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consists of polar, uncharged amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes elongation and 5' capping of mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the removal of transcription factors from the DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template in the nucleus.

An enzyme that binds to DNA, initiates transcription, and builds the RNA molecule.

The RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

The process of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, using mRNA instructions.

The fundamental principle of molecular biology, stating that information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Proteins that regulate transcription by binding to specific DNA sequences.

A specific DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

The specific DNA strand that RNA polymerase reads to create a complementary RNA molecule.

Proteins that bind to the core promoter region and are essential for RNA polymerase II to start transcription.

A key transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the promoter region, initiating the assembly of other factors.

A component of TFIID that directly binds to the TATA box sequence in the promoter region.

Proteins that interact with TBP to help TFIID bind to the promoter and recruit other transcription factors.

The complex formed when RNA polymerase II and transcription factors assemble at the promoter region.

A specific DNA sequence where general transcription factors bind to recruit RNA polymerase.

The PIC is a complex of approximately 100 proteins essential for transcription in eukaryotes. It helps position RNA polymerase II at the gene's transcription start site, denatures DNA, and sets up the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription.

TFIID recognizes and binds to the TATA box, a sequence in the core promoter region. It's crucial for initiating the assembly of other factors.

TFIIA stabilizes the Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC) ensuring it stays intact.

TFIIB provides a specific binding site for RNA polymerase II to join the Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC).

The RNA polymerase II:TFIIF complex binds to TFIIB within the PIC. TFIIF is also important for elongation later on.

TFIIE helps TFIIH bind to the PIC, playing a role in bringing the final piece of the puzzle together.

TFIIH contains three vital subunits: a Kinase that phosphorylates RNA polymerase II to initiate elongation, two DNA Helicases that unwind the DNA at the promoter start site, and an ATP-dependent mechanism that forms the transcription bubble.

Transcription initiation is defined as the formation of the very first phosphodiester bond between the initial two nucleotides of the newly synthesized RNA transcript.

TFIIH's kinase activity phosphorylates sites on the RNA Polymerase II tail, which triggers the transition from initiation to elongation.

The transcription bubble is an open formation of approximately 13 base pairs of DNA, created by TFIIH's DNA helicases. It allows RNA polymerase II to access the DNA template strand for transcription.

These are three general transcription factors that are crucial for eukaryotic gene expression. They are part of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) that assembles at the promoter region to initiate transcription.

A seven-amino acid repeating domain on the RNA polymerase II subunit. It is key for regulating transcription initiation and elongation.

The phosphorylation of Serine-5 by the kinase TFIIH triggers the release of RNA polymerase II from the pre-initiation complex (PIC). This allows for elongation and mRNA capping.

The phosphorylation of Serine-5 on the CTD makes it more polar (hydrophilic) and triggers the uncoupling of RNA polymerase II from the pre-initiation complex (PIC), promoting elongation and mRNA capping.

Although TFIID remains bound to the TATA promoter region, it doesn't directly participate in elongation. However, it can initiate the formation of new pre-initiation complexes for subsequent rounds of transcription.

Once RNA polymerase II detaches from the pre-initiation complex to start elongation, the associated transcription factors (TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIH) no longer interact with it.

The CTD's phosphorylation by TFIIH (at Serine-5) is essential for RNA polymerase II to detach from the pre-initiation complex and begin transcribing. This phosphorylation also promotes elongation and mRNA capping.

TFIID, which is a key component of the pre-initiation complex, stays bound to the TATA promoter region. This allows for the formation of new pre-initiation complexes and subsequent rounds of transcription.

The CTD of RNA polymerase II is made up of seven amino acids, typically polar and uncharged. This specific composition makes it flexible and adaptable to bind to other proteins and regulate transcription.

TFIIH is a general transcription factor that has two major functions: (1) it is a kinase that phosphorylates Serine-5 on the CTD of RNA polymerase II, and (2) it has helicase activity that unwinds DNA at the promoter region.

A short, unwound region of DNA (~13 base pairs) where RNA polymerase is actively transcribing. The DNA ahead of RNA polymerase is unwound, while the DNA behind is rewound.

A temporary structure formed during transcription where the newly synthesized RNA molecule is base-paired to the DNA template strand. This hybrid region stabilizes the elongation complex.

The process of extending the mRNA transcript using the DNA template strand. RNA polymerase II adds nucleotides to the growing RNA molecule in the 5' to 3' direction.

A molecule released during the addition of each nucleotide during transcription. Its hydrolysis to two inorganic phosphates provides energy for the irreversible reaction, driving the process forward.

RNA polymerase II can incorporate 20-50 nucleotides into the growing RNA molecule per second, determining the speed of transcription elongation.