Molecular and Cellular Bases Pt 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of ions in cellular mechanisms?

  • To transmit electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle cells (correct)
  • To provide energy for cellular reactions
  • To catalyze biochemical reactions
  • To store genetic information

    • What is the main component of most cells?

  • Proteins
  • Water (correct)
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates

    • What is the function of proteins in cells?

  • To mediate physiological changes (correct)
  • To store energy
  • To regulate gene expression
  • To provide structural support

    • What is the main function of carbohydrates in cells?

    <p>To be used as an energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the composition of fat cells (adipocytes)?

    <p>They have a high lipid composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can chemical reactions involving water take place within a cell?

    <p>Both c and d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

    <p>Regulating membrane fluidity and permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is typically responsible for transporting molecules across the cell membrane?

    <p>Integral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipids are found in high quantities within the cell membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?

    <p>Controlling enzymatic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of the cell membrane?

    <p>Organizing biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

    <p>To enhance the barrier properties of the lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in ion distribution between the ICF and ECF?

    <p>ICF has more potassium and ECF has more sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as being "a netlike labyrinth of branching tubules and flattened sacs that extends throughout the cytosol"?

    <p>Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adipocytes are composed of triglycerides. What is the function of adipocytes?

    <p>To store lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the voltage difference caused by the uneven distribution of ions on opposite sides of the cell membrane?

    <p>Membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of lipids that allows them to play a key role in the cell’s membrane-bound organelles?

    <p>They are non-polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide?

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

    <p>To form the lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the process of bile acid synthesis?

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which mitochondria generate energy for the cell?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the cytosol and cytoplasm?

    <p>Cytosol is the fluid composition, while cytoplasm is the space between the cell membrane and nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes in cellular activity?

    <p>Intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cytoskeleton is actin?

    <p>Microfilament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is described as being a "collection of flattened, membrane-enclosed compartments called cisternae"?

    <p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the membrane potential?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ER in terms of intracellular calcium storage?

    <p>It stores calcium ions to be used in signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the ER and the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Vesicles from the ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the golgi apparatus in cellular activity?

    <p>Process and form lysosomes and secretory vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Organelles and Components

    • Golgi Apparatus:
      • Processes and forms lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and other cytoplasmic components
    • Lysosomes:
      • Vesicular organelles composed of digestive enzyme hydrolase
      • Digest unwanted matter, food particles, and damaged cell structures
      • Major site of intracellular digestion
    • Peroxisomes:
      • Vesicular organelles formed via self-replication or ER formation
      • Contain at least 50 different enzymes, including oxidases and catalases
      • Involved in lipid biosynthesis, such as bile acid synthesis in hepatocytes
    • Mitochondria:
      • Uses oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP for cellular energy
      • Tissues with high energy demands have more mitochondria
      • Capable of self-replication

    Cellular Components

    • Cytoskeleton:
      • Network of fibrillar proteins organized into microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
      • Actin is an example of a microfilament
    • Water:
      • Polar molecule and major component of most cells (except adipocytes with 5% water and 95% lipid composition)
      • Enables chemical reactions to occur at particle surfaces, in membranes, and among dissolved chemicals
    • Carbohydrates:
      • Typically used as a major energy source
      • Stored in small quantities within cells as glycogen
      • Can be combined with lipids or proteins for structural functions
    • Proteins:
      • 2nd most abundant substance in cells
      • 3D shape impacts function and allows for specificity when binding
      • Can alter shape to adjust function or binding properties
      • Essential for mediating physiological changes
      • Can be structural, functional, or have signaling roles

    Ions and Lipids

    • Ions:
      • Polar, hydrophilic molecules necessary for cellular mechanisms
      • Examples: phosphate, magnesium, sulfate, bicarbonate, potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium
      • Can transmit electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle cells
    • Lipids:
      • Non-polar molecules playing a key role in cell membrane-bound organelles
      • Diverse, with functions not fully understood
      • Examples: phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides
      • Phospholipids and cholesterol make up the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers
      • Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

    Cellular Processes

    • Selective Transport:
      • Processes and transmits information
    • Membrane Potential:
      • Generates an electrical charge influencing protein activity in the cell membrane
      • Important in excitable cells for signal transmission
    • Cytosol and Cytoplasm:
      • Cytosol: fluid composition of the cell containing water, proteins, electrolytes, and glucose
      • Cytoplasm: space between the cell membrane and nucleus containing organelles and cytosol

    Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus

    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Network of netlike branching tubules and flattened sacs with a continuous membrane
      • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and is larger in cells with high lipid production
      • Rough ER synthesizes proteins and has ribosomes attached
    • Golgi Apparatus:
      • Composed of flattened cisternae (membrane-enclosed compartments)
      • Closely related to the ER, with vesicles fusing from the ER to the Golgi

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