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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic of life is NOT listed in the acronym Mrs.Gren?
Which characteristic of life is NOT listed in the acronym Mrs.Gren?
- Elimination
- Reproduction
- Adaptation (correct)
- Movement
What is a primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is a primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- Prokaryotic cells have their DNA in the cytoplasm. (correct)
- Eukaryotic cells are unicellular only.
- Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus.
- Eukaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.
What does the Endosymbiotic Theory primarily explain?
What does the Endosymbiotic Theory primarily explain?
- The origin of eukaryotic organelles from prokaryotic cells. (correct)
- The formation of prokaryotic cells from primitive molecules.
- The evolution of multicellular organisms from unicellular ones.
- The development of cellular metabolism in organisms.
Which type of organism is characterized by having multiple cells that perform different functions?
Which type of organism is characterized by having multiple cells that perform different functions?
What classification system was developed by R.H. for establishing evolutionary relationships?
What classification system was developed by R.H. for establishing evolutionary relationships?
What is the main criterion for distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the main criterion for distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which domain includes organisms with prokaryotic cells that thrive in extreme environments?
Which domain includes organisms with prokaryotic cells that thrive in extreme environments?
In the five-kingdom classification, which kingdom contains unicellular organisms that can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungi-like?
In the five-kingdom classification, which kingdom contains unicellular organisms that can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungi-like?
How many distinct domains are there according to the three domains of life classification?
How many distinct domains are there according to the three domains of life classification?
What is a primary factor in the five-kingdom classification system?
What is a primary factor in the five-kingdom classification system?
Which of the following structures are characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures are characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
What is the main difference in the organization of DNA between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the main difference in the organization of DNA between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Which structure regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
Which structure regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is true?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is true?
What is the primary role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with eukaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?
What term describes the process by which bacteria reproduce themselves?
What term describes the process by which bacteria reproduce themselves?
Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA duplication?
Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA duplication?
What is the function of the centromere in a duplicated chromosome?
What is the function of the centromere in a duplicated chromosome?
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the cell's equator?
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the cell's equator?
What type of chromosomes are involved in determining an individual's biological sex?
What type of chromosomes are involved in determining an individual's biological sex?
What role do cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) play in the cell cycle?
What role do cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) play in the cell cycle?
During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to break down?
During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to break down?
Which of the following statements about the mitotic spindle is true?
Which of the following statements about the mitotic spindle is true?
What is the G0 phase in the cell cycle?
What is the G0 phase in the cell cycle?
What occurs during the anaphase of meiosis I?
What occurs during the anaphase of meiosis I?
What characterizes benign tumors?
What characterizes benign tumors?
Which type of transport does not require energy?
Which type of transport does not require energy?
What is the role of the P53 gene in cell regulation?
What is the role of the P53 gene in cell regulation?
What is the result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis?
What is the result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis?
In a hypertonic solution, what happens to a cell?
In a hypertonic solution, what happens to a cell?
Which of the following is a characteristic of proto-oncogenes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of proto-oncogenes?
What transport mechanism requires ATP to function?
What transport mechanism requires ATP to function?
Which type of transport involves the movement of water across a membrane?
Which type of transport involves the movement of water across a membrane?
What defines the outcome of density-dependent inhibition of cell division?
What defines the outcome of density-dependent inhibition of cell division?
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Study Notes
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- Three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- Differences between domains include DNA organization, presence of organelles, and methods of endocytosis/exocytosis.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
- Capsule: Gelatinous outer covering for protection.
- Cell wall: Provides shape and structural support.
- Plasma membrane: Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins for transport regulation.
- Ribosome: Site for protein synthesis, made of proteins and rRNA.
- Pilus and fimbriae: Surface attachment structures.
- Flagellum: Provides mobility.
Genetic Material
- Prokaryotes: Single circular DNA molecule located in the cytoplasm (nucleoid).
- Eukaryotes: Linear chromosomes enclosed in a nuclear envelope.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
- Plasma Membrane: Regulates material transport; involved in cell recognition and communication.
- Nucleus: Largest organelle; genetic information storage and transcription site.
- Contains nucleolus (rRNA synthesis) and nuclear envelope with pores for molecule passage.
Classification of Living Organisms
- Two-Kingdom (Plantae and Animalia) to Five-Kingdom classifications based on cellular type and nutritional methods.
- Domains of Life include Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, with Archaea thriving in extreme environments.
Cell Division
- Prokaryotic Division: Binary fission; results in identical clones.
- Eukaryotic Division: Includes mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (gametes); results in genetically unique daughter cells.
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
- Phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Interphase: G1 (cell growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (error check).
- Regulatory checkpoints (G1, G2, M phases) ensure proper division and function.
Cancer and Cell Control
- Cancer cells bypass normal regulatory mechanisms; unchecked growth can lead to tumors (benign or malignant).
- Oncogenes (mutated proto-oncogenes) and tumor-suppressor genes play critical roles in cancer progression.
- P53 gene: Known as the "guardian of the genome," promotes apoptosis in damaged cells.
Meiosis
- Occurs in gametes, producing four unique haploid cells.
- Two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, including stages of crossover for genetic diversity.
Transport Across Membranes
- Cell membranes are selectively permeable, allowing certain molecules through.
- Passive transport (diffusion) requires no energy; active transport requires ATP energy to move substances against a gradient.
- Molecules cross membranes via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or bulk transport (exocytosis/endocytosis).
Osmosis and Tonicity
- Osmosis: Water movement across membranes from high to low concentration.
- Tonicity defines the effect of solutions on cell volume:
- Hypotonic: Cells swell as water enters.
- Hypertonic: Cells shrink as water exits.
- Isotonic: Cells maintain normal size as water moves in and out.
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