Cell Biology: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic of life is NOT listed in the acronym Mrs.Gren?

Elimination

Reproduction

Adaptation (correct)

Movement

What is a primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells have their DNA in the cytoplasm. (correct)

Eukaryotic cells are unicellular only.

Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.

What does the Endosymbiotic Theory primarily explain?

The origin of eukaryotic organelles from prokaryotic cells. (correct)

The formation of prokaryotic cells from primitive molecules.

The evolution of multicellular organisms from unicellular ones.

The development of cellular metabolism in organisms.

Which type of organism is characterized by having multiple cells that perform different functions?

Multicellular organisms Signup and view all the answers

What classification system was developed by R.H. for establishing evolutionary relationships?

The Five Kingdom Classification Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criterion for distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Presence of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which domain includes organisms with prokaryotic cells that thrive in extreme environments?

Domain Archaea Signup and view all the answers

In the five-kingdom classification, which kingdom contains unicellular organisms that can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungi-like?

Kingdom Protista Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct domains are there according to the three domains of life classification?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor in the five-kingdom classification system?

Type of cell and complexity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in the organization of DNA between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic DNA is organized into linear chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

Contains genetic information Signup and view all the answers

Which structure regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

Nuclear envelope Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is true?

Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with eukaryotic cells?

Presence of a capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?

Separates cell contents from surroundings Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which bacteria reproduce themselves?

Binary Fission Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA duplication?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the centromere in a duplicated chromosome?

To hold sister chromatids together Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the cell's equator?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosomes are involved in determining an individual's biological sex?

Sex chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What role do cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) play in the cell cycle?

They regulate the progression through the cell cycle checkpoints. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to break down?

Prophase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the mitotic spindle is true?

It controls the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the G0 phase in the cell cycle?

A resting state where cells are not dividing Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the anaphase of meiosis I?

Chromosome pairs are pulled apart. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes benign tumors?

They remain at their original site. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport does not require energy?

Simple diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the P53 gene in cell regulation?

Promotes apoptosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis?

Genetic diversity in haploid cells. Signup and view all the answers

In a hypertonic solution, what happens to a cell?

It shrinks as water exits. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of proto-oncogenes?

They can mutate into oncogenes. Signup and view all the answers

What transport mechanism requires ATP to function?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport involves the movement of water across a membrane?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What defines the outcome of density-dependent inhibition of cell division?

Cells stop dividing when crowded. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Differences between domains include DNA organization, presence of organelles, and methods of endocytosis/exocytosis.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Capsule: Gelatinous outer covering for protection.
Cell wall: Provides shape and structural support.
Plasma membrane: Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins for transport regulation.
Ribosome: Site for protein synthesis, made of proteins and rRNA.
Pilus and fimbriae: Surface attachment structures.
Flagellum: Provides mobility.

Genetic Material

Prokaryotes: Single circular DNA molecule located in the cytoplasm (nucleoid).
Eukaryotes: Linear chromosomes enclosed in a nuclear envelope.

Eukaryotic Cell Structures

Plasma Membrane: Regulates material transport; involved in cell recognition and communication.
Nucleus: Largest organelle; genetic information storage and transcription site.
- Contains nucleolus (rRNA synthesis) and nuclear envelope with pores for molecule passage.

Classification of Living Organisms

Two-Kingdom (Plantae and Animalia) to Five-Kingdom classifications based on cellular type and nutritional methods.
Domains of Life include Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, with Archaea thriving in extreme environments.

Cell Division

Prokaryotic Division: Binary fission; results in identical clones.
Eukaryotic Division: Includes mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (gametes); results in genetically unique daughter cells.

Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

Phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Interphase: G1 (cell growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (error check).
Regulatory checkpoints (G1, G2, M phases) ensure proper division and function.

Cancer and Cell Control

Cancer cells bypass normal regulatory mechanisms; unchecked growth can lead to tumors (benign or malignant).
Oncogenes (mutated proto-oncogenes) and tumor-suppressor genes play critical roles in cancer progression.
P53 gene: Known as the "guardian of the genome," promotes apoptosis in damaged cells.

Meiosis

Occurs in gametes, producing four unique haploid cells.
Two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, including stages of crossover for genetic diversity.

Transport Across Membranes

Cell membranes are selectively permeable, allowing certain molecules through.
Passive transport (diffusion) requires no energy; active transport requires ATP energy to move substances against a gradient.
Molecules cross membranes via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or bulk transport (exocytosis/endocytosis).

Osmosis and Tonicity

Osmosis: Water movement across membranes from high to low concentration.
Tonicity defines the effect of solutions on cell volume:
- Hypotonic: Cells swell as water enters.
- Hypertonic: Cells shrink as water exits.
- Isotonic: Cells maintain normal size as water moves in and out.

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Description

Explore the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in this quiz. Learn about the structure, organization, and functional characteristics that distinguish these two domains of life. Ideal for biology students looking to deepen their understanding of cellular biology.