أسئلة أنسجة 1-9 PDF

1-Eukaryotic cells are Animal cells with distinct membrane-limited. 2- Nucleus and lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles. 3- Nuclear chromatin, nucleolus, are non membrane bound organelles. 4-Heterochromatin means Clumped, dense DNA , biologically inactive. 5-Endoplasmic Reticulum are two types ,...

1-Eukaryotic cells are Animal cells with distinct membrane-limited. 2- Nucleus and lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles. 3- Nuclear chromatin, nucleolus, are non membrane bound organelles. 4-Heterochromatin means Clumped, dense DNA , biologically inactive. 5-Endoplasmic Reticulum are two types , Rough ER and Smooth ER. 6-Mitochondria is Energy source. 7-The pH can determine whether a molecule is a protonated or in an unprotonated form. 8-Tissues and organs are too thick for light to pass through them. 9-The ideal microscopic preparation is preserved the tissue on the slide. 10- Fixation is a process that used for avoid tissue digestion by enzymes. 11-A fixative must fully diffuse through tissues to preserve cells. 12- Macrophage is specialize in turnover of protein fibers. 13-Tissues are embedded in a solid medium to facilitate sectioning. 14-Paraffin sections are generally cut at 1-10 μm thickness. 15-Most cells and extracellular material are completely colorless, 16- Fibroblast synthesize and secrete Collagen , Elastin, and Proteins. 17-Cationic components, such as proteins affinity for acidic dyes and are termed acidophilic. 18-In vitro means live cells and tissues can study outside the body in culture. 19-The human body is composed of only four basic types of tissue. 20-Most organs can be divided into Parenchyma and Stroma. 21-Epithelium have a high mitotic index. 22-Epithelia are classified according to Number of layers and Cell Morphology in the surface layer. 23-Most epithelia rest on connective tissue that bringing nutrients and O2. 24- Microvilli, is thin, finger-like cellular projections to increase surface area. 25- Secretory Epithelial are cells produce, store, and secrete various macromolecules. 26- Types of Glands duo to cell number are unicellular and Multicellular glands. 27- Types of Glands duo to mode of excretion are Exocrine and Endocrine gland. 28- Endocrine gland that lack duct and lose connection to original epithelium. 29- Multicellular glands have three mechanisms Merocrine, Holocrine, Apocrine secretion. 30- Epithelial tissues are renewed continuously by mitotic activity and stem cell. 31- In the epidermis, stem cells are located along the wall of hair follicles. 32- Epithelial tissues are labile structures. 33- Component of connective tissue are Cells , Fibers and Ground Substance. 34- The connective tissue types varies which responsible for diversity in Pathology Response. 35- Fibroblast ,The most cells in CT , produce and maintain extracellular components. 36- Macrophage Characterized by well-developed phagocytic ability. 37- Mast cells Released important molecules include Heparin, and Histamine. 38- Types of fibers are Collagen , Reticular , and Elastic fibers. 39- Ground Substance fills the space between cells and fibers in CT. 40- Different combinations and densities of Cells, Fibers, ECM produce variations in CT structure. 41- Cartilage are guides for development of long bones before and after birth. 42- Variations in matrix components and cells produce three types of cartilage. 43- Chondrocytes in avascular tissue exhibit low metabolic activity. 44- Cartilage is avascular and lacks lymphatic vessels and nerves. 45-Articular cartilage, lacks perichondrium. 46-Because limits of diffusion, the maximum thickness of hyaline cartilage is limited. 47-The poor capacity of cartilage for regeneration is due avascularity of this tissue. 48-The firm consistency of cartilage ECM allows to bear mechanical stresses. 49-The inner layer of perichondrium has chondroblasts that differentiate into chondrocytes. 50-At periphery of cartilage, chondroblasts have elliptic shape, parallel to the surface. 51-Hyaline Cartilage ,the most common of the three forms of Cartilage. 52-In the embryo, hyaline cartilage forms the temporary skeleton. 53-Hyaline cartilage cells metabolize glucose mainly by anaerobic glycolysis. 54-Transport water and solutes in matrix is promoted by pumping action. 55-Elastic Cartilage , Contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen type II. 56-Blood is specialized connective tissue which cells are suspended in fluid extracellular material. 57-When blood leaves the circulatory system, plasma proteins react with one another to produce a clot. 58- Albumin, made in liver and serves to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood. 59-Erythrocytes sediment is a 45% of blood volume. 60- Blood separated by centrifugation into , Erythrocytes, Plasma and buffy coat. 61-The major plasma proteins of blood is Albumin. 62-Fibrinogen during clotting polymerizes as insoluble fibers of fibrin. 63-RBCs , the only blood cells whose function not require to leave the vasculature. 64-The biconcave shape provides a large ratio and facilitates gas exchange. 65-The proteins in RBC have antigenic sites and form ABO blood typing system. 66-Any defects in RBC removed from circulation , by macrophages of spleen, liver, and bone marrow. 67-All leukocytes are key players in defense invading microorganisms, and repair of injured tissues. 68-leukocytes divided into two groups, Granulocytes and A granulocytes. 69- leukocytes are spherical in blood, and amoeboid and motile after leaving the blood vessels. 70-Neutrophils are active phagocytes of bacteria. 71-Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection. 72-Monocytes are precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia. 73-Platelets promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears. 74-Mature blood cells have short life span. 75-In the second trimester, Hemopoiesis occurs primarily in liver, with spleen. 76- In the third trimester the bone marrow becomes the major hemopoietic organ. 77-Stem cells are pluripotent cells capable of asymmetric division. 78-All blood cells arise from a single pluripotent stem cell. 79-Myeloid cells include granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes. 80-The lymphoid cells migrate from bone marrow to the thymus or lymphoid structures. 81-Production of blood cells by bone marrow is adjusted to the body’s needs. 82-Bone marrow are two types based on their appearance at gross examination. 83-Yellow bone marrow , filled with adipocytes that exclude hemopoietic cells. 84-In the newborn all bone marrow is red and active in blood cell production. 85-Under severe bleeding or hypoxia, yellow marrow reverts to red. 86-Red bone marrow contains a reticular CT , hemopoietic cells , and sinusoidal capillaries. 87-Bone tissue Serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions. 88-Bone tissue provides solid support for the body. 89- All bones lined on both internal and external surfaces by layers of CT containing osteogenic cells. 90- Endosteum line internal surface of bones surrounding the marrow cavity. 91- Periosteum on the external surface of bones. 92- Bone is a specialized connective tissue duo to Calcified extracellular material. 93-Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete the organic components of bone. 94- Osteoblasts deposited inorganic components of bone. 95- Mature osteoblasts located at surfaces of bone matrix. 96- The organic components of bone are type I collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. 97- Osteoblasts have a cuboidal or columnar shape when synthesis the matrix. 98- Osteoblasts have flatten shape when their activity declines. 99- Osteocytes regulate and maintain the mineralized matrix. 100- Osteocytes, have many long extend dendritic processes. 101- Osteocytes communicate with another via gap junctions on dendritic processes in the canaliculi. 102- Osteocytes maintain the bony matrix. 103- Osteoclasts are very large, motile cells with multiple nuclei. 104-The large size of Osteoclasts are due to the fusion of many bone marrow derived cells. 105- Resorption cavities are enzymatically cavities in bone undergoing resorption. 106-The periosteum is dense CT with blood vessels, collagen bundles, and fibroblasts. 107- Perforating fibers are collagen fibers penetrate the bone matrix, binding the periosteum to bone. 108- The inner region of periosteum is a more cellular layer. 109- The principal functions of periosteum are to nourish the osseous tissue. 110- Endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts production. 111- Bone stored or released ions to maintain constant concentrations in body fluids. 112- Periosteum provide a continuous supply of new osteoblasts for bone growth or repair.