Chapter 5 Pharma
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about propofol-induced metabolic acidosis?

  • It is caused by excessive generation of organic acids
  • It is irreversible and can lead to cardiogenic shock
  • It is associated with large volume infusions of 0.9% saline
  • It can be reversed by discontinuing propofol administration (correct)

    • What is the recommended action if unexpected tachycardia occurs during propofol anesthesia?

  • Continue propofol administration and monitor closely
  • Discontinue propofol administration and evaluate for metabolic acidosis (correct)
  • Increase the propofol dosage
  • Administer an anticholinergic medication

    • What is the mechanism for sporadic propofol-induced metabolic acidosis?

  • Specific defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain
  • Release of a tourniquet
  • Impaired oxidation of long chain fatty acids (correct)
  • Poisoning of the electron transport chain

    • What is the recommended action if the results of laboratory studies for propofol-induced metabolic acidosis are delayed?

    <p>Discontinue propofol administration while waiting for the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical composition of propofol?

    <p>2,6-diisopropylphenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a drug that induces a state of calm or sleep?

    <p>Sedative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dose range of propofol for intravenous administration?

    <p>1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe drugs that reversibly depress the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Sedativehypnotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of propofol that contributes to its neuroprotective effect?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly reported adverse event associated with propofol administration to awake patients?

    <p>Pain on injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anesthetic drugs decrease pharyngeal contraction force?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of etomidate's chemical structure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about etomidate is true?

    <p>Etomidate has minimal effects on the duration of electrically induced seizures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal limiting factor in the clinical use of etomidate for induction of anesthesia?

    <p>Etomidate's ability to depress adrenocortical function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is similar to etomidate in terms of its effects on cerebral blood flow?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of etomidate on mean arterial blood pressure?

    <p>Etomidate decreases mean arterial blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which isomer of etomidate is approximately 5 times as potent as the other?

    <p>R(+) isomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does etomidate exert its effects on GABAA receptors?

    <p>By binding directly to a specific site on the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clearance rate of etomidate compared to propofol?

    <p>Etomidate has a slower clearance rate than propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the context-sensitive half-time of etomidate compared to propofol?

    <p>The context-sensitive half-time of etomidate is less likely to be increased by continuous infusion as compared with propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible mechanism of etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>Activation of subcortical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of etomidate administration in patients experiencing sepsis or hemorrhage?

    <p>Suppression of adrenocortical function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is specifically inhibited by etomidate in adrenocortical suppression?

    <p>11-βhydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of adrenocortical suppression caused by an induction dose of etomidate?

    <p>4 to 8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the EEG is often coincident with excitatory movements in patients experiencing etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>Slow phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Has seizure-like activity on the EEG been documented in association with etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on myocardial contractility is true?

    <p>Etomidate has minimal depressive effects on myocardial contractility at clinical concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on ventilation is true?

    <p>Etomidate stimulates ventilation through the medullary centers that respond to carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on pain on injection is true?

    <p>Etomidate in a lipid emulsion vehicle eliminates pain on injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on myoclonus is true?

    <p>Pretreatment with small doses of etomidate can suppress myoclonus associated with etomidate administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of propofol administration in patients receiving prolonged infusion for sedation in the ICU?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if metabolic acidosis is suspected in a patient receiving propofol anesthesia?

    <p>Discontinue propofol administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential mechanism for propofol-induced metabolic acidosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time limit for using an opened ampule of propofol if it is not used immediately?

    <p>6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol's chemical structure?

    <p>It is a substituted isopropylphenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible mechanism of etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>Inhibition of GABAA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if unexpected tachycardia occurs during propofol anesthesia?

    <p>Decrease the propofol dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal limiting factor in the clinical use of etomidate for induction of anesthesia?

    <p>Cardiovascular instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the antioxidant properties of propofol?

    <p>Propofol reacts with lipid peroxyl radicals and inhibits lipid peroxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly reported adverse event associated with propofol administration to awake patients?

    <p>Pain on injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to decrease the incidence of pain on injection during propofol administration?

    <p>Administering lidocaine prior to propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of subhypnotic concentrations of propofol, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on pharyngeal contraction force?

    <p>They decrease pharyngeal contraction force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the metabolism of etomidate?

    <p>Etomidate is metabolized by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester side chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the distribution of etomidate in the body is true?

    <p>Etomidate is highly protein bound in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clearance of etomidate compared to propofol?

    <p>Etomidate has a slower clearance than propofol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the terminal elimination half-life of etomidate compared to propofol?

    <p>Etomidate has a shorter terminal elimination half-life than propofol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on cerebral blood flow is true?

    <p>Etomidate decreases cerebral blood flow by 35% to 45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on adrenocortical function is true?

    <p>Etomidate transiently depresses adrenocortical function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on mean arterial blood pressure is true?

    <p>Etomidate may decrease mean arterial blood pressure by up to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on seizure activity is true?

    <p>Etomidate may activate seizure foci and increase excitatory spikes on the EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on myocardial contractility is true?

    <p>Etomidate has minimal effects on myocardial contractility at concentrations needed for anesthesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on ventilation is true?

    <p>Etomidate may stimulate ventilation independently of the medullary centers that normally respond to carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on pain on injection is true?

    <p>Etomidate causes pain on injection but can be eliminated by using a different vehicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible mechanism of etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>Etomidate increases GABAergic neurotransmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible mechanism of etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>Disinhibition of subcortical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of adrenocortical suppression caused by an induction dose of etomidate?

    <p>4 to 8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is specifically inhibited by etomidate in adrenocortical suppression?

    <p>11-βhydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of etomidate administration in patients experiencing sepsis or hemorrhage?

    <p>Suppressed cortisol response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of propofol that contributes to its neuroprotective effect?

    <p>Reduction of cerebral blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Has seizure-like activity on the EEG been documented in association with etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a drug that induces a state of calm or sleep?

    <p>Sedative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dose range of propofol for intravenous administration?

    <p>1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal limiting factor in the clinical use of etomidate for induction of anesthesia?

    <p>Adrenocortical suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the terminal elimination half-life of etomidate compared to propofol?

    <p>Shorter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of propofol administration at room temperature for several days?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol's antioxidant properties?

    <p>It scavenges free radicals and inhibits lipid peroxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential benefit of propofol in disease states such as acute lung injury?

    <p>Suppression of peroxynitrite formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most commonly reported adverse event associated with propofol administration to awake patients?

    <p>Pain on injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of prolonged propofol infusion for sedation in the ICU?

    <p>Development of metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol-induced metabolic acidosis?

    <p>It is reversible with discontinuation of propofol administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about propofol's effect on bacterial growth?

    <p>Propofol strongly supports the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended practice for handling propofol to prevent bacterial contamination?

    <p>Disinfect the ampule neck surface or vial rubber stopper with 70% isopropyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on myocardial contractility is true?

    <p>Etomidate causes dose-dependent decreases in developed tension in isolated cardiac muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on ventilation is true?

    <p>Etomidate-induced decreases in tidal volume are offset by compensatory increases in the frequency of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pain on injection and venous irritation is true?

    <p>Etomidate does not cause pain on injection or venous irritation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about myoclonus associated with etomidate administration is true?

    <p>Myoclonus occurs in 50% to 80% of patients receiving etomidate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pharmacokinetics of etomidate is true?

    <p>Etomidate reaches peak levels in the brain within 1 minute after IV injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of etomidate?

    <p>Etomidate binds directly to a specific site on GABAA receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clearance rate of etomidate compared to propofol?

    <p>Etomidate has a slower clearance rate than propofol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the terminal elimination half-life of etomidate compared to propofol?

    <p>Etomidate has a shorter terminal elimination half-life than propofol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential mechanism for etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>Activation of seizure foci in patients with a history of seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the duration of action of etomidate is true?

    <p>The duration of action is prolonged by increasing the dose of etomidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of etomidate on cerebral blood flow is true?

    <p>Etomidate decreases cerebral blood flow by 35% to 45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular effects of etomidate is true?

    <p>Etomidate causes minimal changes in heart rate, stroke volume, or cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>Inhibition of subcortical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the EEG is often coincident with excitatory movements in patients experiencing etomidate-induced myoclonus?

    <p>Delta phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is inhibited by etomidate, leading to adrenocortical suppression?

    <p>11-βhydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does adrenocortical suppression caused by an induction dose of etomidate typically last?

    <p>6-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of etomidate administration in patients experiencing sepsis or hemorrhage?

    <p>Decreased adrenocortical function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about etomidate is true?

    <p>It has a short duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol is a benzodiazepine drug.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term sedative-hypnotic refers to drugs that reversibly depress the activity of the central nervous system (CNS).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol is administered intravenously.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol is chemically distinct from all other drugs that act as IV sedative-hypnotics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate is administered as a single isomer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate primarily acts on GABAA receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate is rapidly metabolized by hepatic enzymes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate has a shorter terminal elimination half-life compared to propofol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol has antioxidant properties that resemble those of vitamin E.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol's neuroprotective effect is primarily due to its antioxidant potential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol's ability to suppress phagocytosis is related to its peroxynitrite scavenging activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol's pain on injection is more commonly reported when injected into a large vein on the hand.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Etomidate has minimal negative inotropic effects on myocardial contractility at clinical concentrations

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Etomidate-induced decreases in tidal volume are offset by compensatory increases in the frequency of breathing

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Etomidate may stimulate ventilation independently of carbon dioxide levels in the body

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pain on injection and venous irritation are common side effects of etomidate

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol can cause severe, refractory, and fatal bradycardia in children in the ICU when used for long-term sedation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short-term infusions of propofol for surgical anesthesia have been associated with the development of metabolic acidosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol-induced metabolic acidosis is reversible with discontinuation of propofol administration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol administration can result in spontaneous excitatory movements of subcortical origin, which are not due to cortical epileptic activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Involuntary myoclonic movements are common during the induction period as a result of alteration in the balance of inhibitory and excitatory influences on the thalamocortical tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Awakening after a single IV dose of etomidate is more rapid than after barbiturates and similar to that of propofol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate produces a pattern on the EEG that is similar to thiopental and propofol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Cardiovascular stability is characteristic of induction of anesthesia with 0.3 mg/kg IV of etomidate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate-induced myoclonus is caused by disinhibition of subcortical structures that normally suppress extrapyramidal motor activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Excitatory movements in patients experiencing etomidate-induced myoclonus are often coincident with the early slow phase of the EEG.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate-induced myoclonus can occur on awakening if the extrapyramidal system emerges more quickly than the cortex that inhibits it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Seizure-like activity on the EEG has been documented in association with etomidate-induced myoclonus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate causes adrenocortical suppression by inhibiting the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The specific enzyme inhibited by etomidate in adrenocortical suppression is 11-βhydroxylase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol administration can result in bacterial growth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol-induced metabolic acidosis is reversible with discontinuation of propofol administration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol administration can result in spontaneous excitatory movements of cortical origin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol has bactericidal properties against Candida albicans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Intravenous sedatives and hypnotics are not commonly used in the practice of anesthesiology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sedatives induce a state of calm or sleep, while hypnotics induce hypnosis or sleep.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sedative-hypnotics are drugs that stimulate the activity of the central nervous system (CNS).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol is chemically distinct from all other drugs that act as IV sedative-hypnotics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol has antioxidant properties similar to vitamin E.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol's phenol ring structure allows it to react with lipid peroxyl radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol's ability to scavenge peroxynitrite contributes to its known ability to suppress phagocytosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Changing the composition of the carrier fat emulsion for propofol can decrease the incidence of pain on injection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate is administered as a single isomer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate primarily acts on GABA receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate is highly bound to albumin in the plasma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate has a longer terminal elimination half-life compared to propofol.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Involuntary myoclonic movements are common during the induction period as a result of alteration in the balance of inhibitory and excitatory influences on the thalamocortical tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Awakening after a single IV dose of etomidate is more rapid than after barbiturates and similar to that of propofol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate produces a pattern on the EEG that is similar to thiopental and propofol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Cardiovascular stability is characteristic of induction of anesthesia with 0.3 mg/kg IV of etomidate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate has minimal negative inotropic effects on myocardial contractility at clinical concentrations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate may stimulate ventilation independently of carbon dioxide levels in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol administration can result in spontaneous excitatory movements of subcortical origin, which are not due to cortical epileptic activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate's pain on injection and venous irritation can be virtually eliminated by using a lipid emulsion vehicle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate-induced myoclonus is caused by disinhibition of subcortical structures that normally suppress extrapyramidal motor activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Excitatory movements during etomidate-induced myoclonus are coincident with the early slow phase of the EEG.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Myoclonus could occur on awakening if the extrapyramidal system emerges more quickly than the cortex that inhibits it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Seizure-like activity on the EEG has been documented in association with etomidate-induced myoclonus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate causes adrenocortical suppression by inhibiting the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The enzyme specifically inhibited by etomidate in adrenocortical suppression is 11-βhydroxylase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Intravenous sedatives and hypnotics are not important in the practice of anesthesiology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sedatives induce a state of calm or sleep.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sedative-hypnotics can only be used to allay anxiety with minimal sedation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol is chemically distinct from all other drugs that act as IV sedative-hypnotics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate is administered orally for transmucosal delivery?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate is metabolized by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester side chain?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate primarily acts on GABAA receptors?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Vd of etomidate is larger than that of propofol?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol has antioxidant properties that resemble those of vitamin E.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol's ability to scavenge peroxynitrite contributes to its known ability to suppress phagocytosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol administration can result in spontaneous excitatory movements of cortical origin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate-induced decreases in tidal volume are offset by compensatory increases in the frequency of breathing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol can cause severe, refractory, and fatal bradycardia in children in the ICU.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metabolic acidosis can occur with short-term infusions of propofol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol-induced lactic acidosis can be differentiated from hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis by measuring the anion gap and individual measurements of anions and organic acids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propofol administration can support the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Involuntary myoclonic movements during the induction period are a result of inhibitory influences on the thalamocortical tract?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate is a potent direct cerebral vasoconstrictor?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate causes a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol causes a greater decline in mean arterial pressure than etomidate during induction of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate causes dose-dependent decreases in developed tension in isolated cardiac muscle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate-induced decreases in tidal volume are offset by compensatory increases in the frequency of breathing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Pain on injection and venous irritation has been virtually eliminated with use of etomidate in a lipid emulsion vehicle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The incidence and intensity of myoclonus following the administration of etomidate is dose related.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate-induced myoclonus is caused by disinhibition of subcortical structures that normally suppress extrapyramidal motor activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate primarily acts on GABAA receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate administration can lead to adrenocortical suppression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate-induced myoclonus is associated with seizure-like activity on the EEG.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Etomidate has minimal negative inotropic effects on myocardial contractility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Propofol has antioxidant properties similar to vitamin E.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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