Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primarily makes casual conversations more complex than classroom conversations?
What primarily makes casual conversations more complex than classroom conversations?
Ethnomethodologists create rules based on their expectations of conversations.
Ethnomethodologists create rules based on their expectations of conversations.
False
What is the basic unit of conversation as per ethnomethodologists?
What is the basic unit of conversation as per ethnomethodologists?
adjacency pairs
The structure of conversations often follows patterns determined by ______.
The structure of conversations often follows patterns determined by ______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a main area of interest for ethnomethodologists?
Which of the following is NOT a main area of interest for ethnomethodologists?
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Casual conversations have specific goals that participants strive to achieve.
Casual conversations have specific goals that participants strive to achieve.
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How do discourse analysts view the behavior of people in conversations?
How do discourse analysts view the behavior of people in conversations?
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What is the main focus of conversational analysis?
What is the main focus of conversational analysis?
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Preferred responses in a conversation are those that are unusual or unexpected.
Preferred responses in a conversation are those that are unusual or unexpected.
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What are adjacency pairs in conversation?
What are adjacency pairs in conversation?
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Openings in conversation can include phrases such as '____' or 'How are you?'
Openings in conversation can include phrases such as '____' or 'How are you?'
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Match the following elements of conversation with their descriptions:
Match the following elements of conversation with their descriptions:
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In which context do analysts prefer to study conversations?
In which context do analysts prefer to study conversations?
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Transaction boundary markers can be subjective and vary widely from one conversation to another.
Transaction boundary markers can be subjective and vary widely from one conversation to another.
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Name a specific example of opening a conversation.
Name a specific example of opening a conversation.
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What is an example of a conventionally indirect request?
What is an example of a conventionally indirect request?
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Learning speech acts in a second language requires only understanding new linguistic elements.
Learning speech acts in a second language requires only understanding new linguistic elements.
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What does the 'Cultural Irrelevance Hypothesis' state?
What does the 'Cultural Irrelevance Hypothesis' state?
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The concept of __________ suggests that languages can influence each other in a bidirectional manner.
The concept of __________ suggests that languages can influence each other in a bidirectional manner.
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Which of the following statements is true about turn-taking in conversations?
Which of the following statements is true about turn-taking in conversations?
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Long pauses in conversation are always considered bad and indicate a lack of engagement.
Long pauses in conversation are always considered bad and indicate a lack of engagement.
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What are the two main ways a speaker can take turns in a conversation?
What are the two main ways a speaker can take turns in a conversation?
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The Japanese tend to take longer ______ during conversations.
The Japanese tend to take longer ______ during conversations.
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Match the following aspects of conversation with their characteristics:
Match the following aspects of conversation with their characteristics:
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What does 'adjacency pair' refer to in conversation?
What does 'adjacency pair' refer to in conversation?
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The statement 'I must tell you what happened to me yesterday.' is an example of self-selection in conversation.
The statement 'I must tell you what happened to me yesterday.' is an example of self-selection in conversation.
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What is a common cultural view on interruptions in conversations?
What is a common cultural view on interruptions in conversations?
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What does echoing entail in a conversation?
What does echoing entail in a conversation?
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Borrowing involves using a word from the target language when the speaker cannot remember it.
Borrowing involves using a word from the target language when the speaker cannot remember it.
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What is an example of circumlocution?
What is an example of circumlocution?
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Using an approximate word when lacking vocabulary is called __________.
Using an approximate word when lacking vocabulary is called __________.
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Match the communication strategy with its description:
Match the communication strategy with its description:
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Which communication strategy involves changing the subject when vocabulary is insufficient?
Which communication strategy involves changing the subject when vocabulary is insufficient?
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Dysfluency is commonly seen when someone is speaking rapidly while thinking.
Dysfluency is commonly seen when someone is speaking rapidly while thinking.
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What does mime refer to in the context of communication strategies?
What does mime refer to in the context of communication strategies?
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What is the purpose of interactional talk?
What is the purpose of interactional talk?
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Transactional talk is primarily concerned with social interactions rather than getting business done.
Transactional talk is primarily concerned with social interactions rather than getting business done.
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What is one type of self-repair mentioned in the content?
What is one type of self-repair mentioned in the content?
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The ________ principle is essential for maintaining effective conversations.
The ________ principle is essential for maintaining effective conversations.
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Match the following types of talk with their descriptions:
Match the following types of talk with their descriptions:
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What typically complicates the distinction between transactional and interactional talk?
What typically complicates the distinction between transactional and interactional talk?
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In conversations, participants are expected to respect each other's turns.
In conversations, participants are expected to respect each other's turns.
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What do participants interpret each other’s utterances as contributing to?
What do participants interpret each other’s utterances as contributing to?
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Study Notes
Conversational Analysis
- Conversation is the exchange of information between at least two individuals, focusing on content and speaker intent.
- Casual conversation is the most common type of speech.
- Other speech types include telephone calls, service encounters, rituals, classroom interactions, and monologues.
- Casual conversations between strangers, friends, or intimates are common but not the only form.
- Conversation analysis, particularly in classrooms, follows a pattern of teacher-student exchanges.
- Teachers initiate conversations with questions and students answer and are aware of their roles and expectations.
- This type of conversation has a predictable question-answer-comment structure, in which the roles of teacher and students remain fixed.
- The pattern of exchanges in conversational activities varies by culture.
Exchange Approach
- Conversation analysis has a three-part exchange structure(TPT) - Initiation, Response, Follow-up (I-R-F)
- This approach is influential and explains conversational structures.
- Examples of exchanges include questioning, providing information, and commands.
- A speaker's response is dependent on the other speaker's turn.
- The exchange approach shows how different conversational moves are related in conversation.
Conversation Outside the Classroom
- Casual conversations between equals are more complex than those in classrooms and follow no set pattern.
- Analysts of conversations note how people behave and participate in conversation management.
- Casual conversation analysis examines how conversation develops and how people cooperate.
Conversations as Social Activities
- Conversation acts as a social activity because people use conversations to interact, socialize, and exchange information.
- Conversation analysis explains how people participate in and cooperate through conversation.
Conversation Structure
- Conversations are usually structured by adjacency pairs- the back-and-forth exchanges between speakers .
- Conversations that consist of a pair of utterances where the second is directly dependent on the first.
- Examples of Adjacency pairs include greetings, congratulations, apologies, and requests.
Turn-Taking
- Turn-taking in conversations is constrained by conventions that govern who can speak when.
- Most conversations have predictable turn-taking patterns that involve only one person speaking at a time and follow the principle of adjacency pairs.
Conversational Analysis and Disfluency
- Disfluency occurs in speech when pauses, hesitations, or repetitions interrupt a speaker's flow of uninterrupted speech.
- It is a normal part of casual conversation.
- Speakers monitor and attempt corrections in their speech.
Topics of Conversational Analysis
- Topics tend to be introduced and signaled by verbal or acoustic markers (e.g., 'by the way,' changes in tone or pitch) and are repeated at times or continued.
- Conversation topics are more easily predicted in a classroom setting and not as much in casual settings.
Cooperative Principle
- Conversations are based on a cooperative principle requiring that participants work together to maintain the conversation.
Intercultural Pragmatics
- Pragmatic differences between languages exist because cultural norms influence speech behaviors and communication.
- Speakers from different cultures can have different expectations and understandings of how a conversation should proceed.
- Speakers need to consider and acknowledge these differences.
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Description
Explore the complexities of casual conversations compared to structured classroom interactions in this quiz. Delve into key concepts such as adjacency pairs, preferred responses, and the role of ethnomethodologists and discourse analysts in understanding conversation dynamics.
