Ethnomethodology and Conversational Analysis
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Questions and Answers

What primarily makes casual conversations more complex than classroom conversations?

  • The presence of power dynamics
  • The predictability of topics
  • The equal power of participants (correct)
  • The structured format

Ethnomethodologists create rules based on their expectations of conversations.

False (B)

What is the basic unit of conversation as per ethnomethodologists?

adjacency pairs

The structure of conversations often follows patterns determined by ______.

<p>context</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Adjacency pairs = Related utterances from two speakers Turn-taking = Management of who speaks when Conversational openings = Start of a casual talk Face-preservation = Maintaining social dignity in conversation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main area of interest for ethnomethodologists?

<p>Theoretical foundations of discourse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Casual conversations have specific goals that participants strive to achieve.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do discourse analysts view the behavior of people in conversations?

<p>They observe how people cooperate in managing discourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of conversational analysis?

<p>Fitting the model to the data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Preferred responses in a conversation are those that are unusual or unexpected.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adjacency pairs in conversation?

<p>Two sentences produced together by successive speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Openings in conversation can include phrases such as '____' or 'How are you?'

<p>Good morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of conversation with their descriptions:

<p>Openings = Initiate conversation Closings = Conclude conversation Transaction boundary markers = Indicate boundaries of conversation Adjacency pairs = Two related utterances by different speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context do analysts prefer to study conversations?

<p>Casual conversations among equals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transaction boundary markers can be subjective and vary widely from one conversation to another.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a specific example of opening a conversation.

<p>Good morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a conventionally indirect request?

<p>Can you open the window? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning speech acts in a second language requires only understanding new linguistic elements.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Cultural Irrelevance Hypothesis' state?

<p>Participants in EFL communication tend to ignore cultural differences to achieve mutual understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of __________ suggests that languages can influence each other in a bidirectional manner.

<p>reverse transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about turn-taking in conversations?

<p>Only one person speaks at a time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Long pauses in conversation are always considered bad and indicate a lack of engagement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main ways a speaker can take turns in a conversation?

<p>By being selected by the current speaker or by self-selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Japanese tend to take longer ______ during conversations.

<p>pauses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of conversation with their characteristics:

<p>Turn-taking norms = Govern the distribution of talking Cooperative interruptions = Show excitement Attributable silence = Carries meaning Self-selection = Nominate oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'adjacency pair' refer to in conversation?

<p>Two related utterances by different speakers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The statement 'I must tell you what happened to me yesterday.' is an example of self-selection in conversation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cultural view on interruptions in conversations?

<p>Not all interruptions are bad; some can be cooperative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does echoing entail in a conversation?

<p>Repeating a word or phrase that is not understood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Borrowing involves using a word from the target language when the speaker cannot remember it.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of circumlocution?

<p>Describing a bookshelf as 'a place for books'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using an approximate word when lacking vocabulary is called __________.

<p>approximation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the communication strategy with its description:

<p>Approximation = Using a synonym when lacking a specific word Word coinage = Creating a new word to express an idea Mime = Acting out the meaning of a word Topic avoidance = Avoiding certain topics due to lack of vocabulary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which communication strategy involves changing the subject when vocabulary is insufficient?

<p>Topic shift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dysfluency is commonly seen when someone is speaking rapidly while thinking.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mime refer to in the context of communication strategies?

<p>Acting out a word or idea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of interactional talk?

<p>To establish social relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transactional talk is primarily concerned with social interactions rather than getting business done.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one type of self-repair mentioned in the content?

<p>Retrace and repair sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ principle is essential for maintaining effective conversations.

<p>cooperative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of talk with their descriptions:

<p>Transactional talk = Conducting business or accomplishing a task Interactional talk = Building social relationships and expressing solidarity Self-repair = Correcting one's own mistakes in conversation Cooperative principle = Guidelines that participants follow to maintain conversations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically complicates the distinction between transactional and interactional talk?

<p>Natural conversations often mix both types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In conversations, participants are expected to respect each other's turns.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do participants interpret each other’s utterances as contributing to?

<p>The conversation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Discourse Analysis

The study of how people behave and cooperate in conversations.

Adjacency Pairs

Two consecutive utterances where the second is expected to follow the first.

Ethnomethodology

The study of how people use everyday social interactions to create and maintain a shared sense of reality.

Casual Conversation

Conversations characterized by equal power dynamics and unpredictable flow, unlike classroom situations.

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Classroom Conversation

Conversations with a clear structure and purpose, where participants usually understand their roles.

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Bottom-Up Approach

The practice of analyzing actual conversations to identify patterns of behavior and unspoken 'rules.'

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Conversations Among Equals

Conversations where the primary goal is to socialize and build relationships, without a specific objective.

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Turn-Taking

The way turns are taken and managed in conversations.

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Conversation Structure: Initiation, Response, Follow-up

Conversations typically start with an initiation (like a greeting), followed by a response, and then a follow-up. This pattern is effective in contexts like classrooms where power dynamics are clear.

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Bottom-up Approach in Conversation Analysis

Analyzing conversation data to identify patterns and meanings without predetermined assumptions.

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Preferred Response

The expected and typical response in an adjacency pair. For example, answering a question with the requested information ('What time is it? - Five o'clock').

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Dispreferred Response

An unexpected or non-standard response in an adjacency pair. For example, answering a question with another question ('What time is it? - Why do you want to know?').

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Transaction Boundary Markers

Verbal cues or actions that signal the beginning and end of a conversation or speech event. Examples include: 'Good morning', 'See you later', or a church bell.

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Speech Event-Specific Openings and Closings

Defined by a particular setting, participants, and rules. For example, a church service has specific starting signals and closing phrases.

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Organized Conversations

Conversations are structured and organized. They don't just happen randomly. Openings and closings help mark these boundaries.

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Echoing

A repair strategy where the speaker repeats a word or phrase they don't understand, asking the other person to explain it or provide a simpler term.

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Communication Strategies in L2

Strategies used by non-native speakers to overcome vocabulary gaps when speaking a second language.

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Approximation

Using a similar word or phrase to replace the unknown word.

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Word Coinage

Creating a new word to fill in a vocabulary gap.

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Circumlocution

Explaining a word through a paraphrase or description.

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Borrowing

Using a word from the speaker's first language when the target language word is forgotten.

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Mime

Acting out the meaning of a word.

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Topic Shift

Changing the conversation topic due to lack of vocabulary to discuss the original topic.

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Repair in Conversation

The act of correcting a mistake or error in speech, often done by the speaker themselves (self-repair) or by another person in the conversation.

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Retrace and Repair

A type of self-repair where the speaker retraces their words and starts again with a different phrasing.

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Transactional Talk

Conversation focused on achieving a specific goal, like making a purchase or getting information.

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Interactional Talk

Conversation aimed at social interaction, building relationships, and expressing feelings. It focuses on maintaining social connections.

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Cooperative Principle

The unspoken rules and expectations that guide how people behave and interact in conversations. It helps ensure smooth communication.

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Interpretable Contribution

An assumption that what someone says in a conversation is intended as a contribution to the overall conversation.

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Uninterpretable Exchange

A situation where two consecutive utterances in a conversation are not logically connected, leading to confusion.

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Conversation Competence

The ability to recognize and understand the unspoken rules and patterns of conversation, which helps us communicate effectively.

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Pre-closing

A conversational strategy used to subtly signal the end of a conversation. It attempts to close the conversation without being abrupt or direct.

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Turn-taking norms

The unwritten rules that govern how people take turns in a conversation, including who speaks, when, and for how long.

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Attributable silence

A pause in a conversation that is longer than usual, usually lasting more than 3 seconds. It can often convey meaning, such as hesitation, contemplation, or a desire for the other person to speak.

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Interruption

The act of interrupting a speaker without waiting for them to finish, often done to contribute to the conversation, but sometimes perceived as rude.

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Overlap

An instance where two or more speakers are talking simultaneously. It can be a sign of enthusiastic participation in a conversation or a lack of awareness of turn-taking norms.

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Conversational sensitivity

The ability to recognize and respond appropriately to subtle cues in a conversation, such as body language, tone of voice, and pauses. It is essential for smooth and effective communication.

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Japanese turn-taking

A cultural difference in turn-taking behavior where individuals tend to use longer pauses between turns, often creating silence that can feel uncomfortable for speakers from other cultures.

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Cross-linguistic differences in speech acts

Using the same basic strategies to make requests, but adjusting how they're expressed based on social context and language differences.

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Learning speech acts in an L2

The idea that learning a new language involves picking up new language elements and adjusting social attitudes about how to use those elements.

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Transfer in language learning

The impact of one language on another, even after learning a new language. It can be 'forward' from L1 to L2, or 'reverse' from L2 to L1.

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Intercultural style hypothesis

The idea that exposure to multiple languages leads to a blended style of communication, influenced by all languages involved.

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English as a lingua franca (ELF)

Communication where people use a common language that isn't their native tongue, often with a focus on achieving understanding despite cultural differences.

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Study Notes

Conversational Analysis

  • Conversation is the exchange of information between at least two individuals, focusing on content and speaker intent.
  • Casual conversation is the most common type of speech.
  • Other speech types include telephone calls, service encounters, rituals, classroom interactions, and monologues.
  • Casual conversations between strangers, friends, or intimates are common but not the only form.
  • Conversation analysis, particularly in classrooms, follows a pattern of teacher-student exchanges.
  • Teachers initiate conversations with questions and students answer and are aware of their roles and expectations.
  • This type of conversation has a predictable question-answer-comment structure, in which the roles of teacher and students remain fixed.
  • The pattern of exchanges in conversational activities varies by culture.

Exchange Approach

  • Conversation analysis has a three-part exchange structure(TPT) - Initiation, Response, Follow-up (I-R-F)
  • This approach is influential and explains conversational structures.
  • Examples of exchanges include questioning, providing information, and commands.
  • A speaker's response is dependent on the other speaker's turn.
  • The exchange approach shows how different conversational moves are related in conversation.

Conversation Outside the Classroom

  • Casual conversations between equals are more complex than those in classrooms and follow no set pattern.
  • Analysts of conversations note how people behave and participate in conversation management.
  • Casual conversation analysis examines how conversation develops and how people cooperate.

Conversations as Social Activities

  • Conversation acts as a social activity because people use conversations to interact, socialize, and exchange information.
  • Conversation analysis explains how people participate in and cooperate through conversation.

Conversation Structure

  • Conversations are usually structured by adjacency pairs- the back-and-forth exchanges between speakers .
  • Conversations that consist of a pair of utterances where the second is directly dependent on the first.
  • Examples of Adjacency pairs include greetings, congratulations, apologies, and requests.

Turn-Taking

  • Turn-taking in conversations is constrained by conventions that govern who can speak when.
  • Most conversations have predictable turn-taking patterns that involve only one person speaking at a time and follow the principle of adjacency pairs.

Conversational Analysis and Disfluency

  • Disfluency occurs in speech when pauses, hesitations, or repetitions interrupt a speaker's flow of uninterrupted speech.
  • It is a normal part of casual conversation.
  • Speakers monitor and attempt corrections in their speech.

Topics of Conversational Analysis

  • Topics tend to be introduced and signaled by verbal or acoustic markers (e.g., 'by the way,' changes in tone or pitch) and are repeated at times or continued.
  • Conversation topics are more easily predicted in a classroom setting and not as much in casual settings.

Cooperative Principle

  • Conversations are based on a cooperative principle requiring that participants work together to maintain the conversation.

Intercultural Pragmatics

  • Pragmatic differences between languages exist because cultural norms influence speech behaviors and communication.
  • Speakers from different cultures can have different expectations and understandings of how a conversation should proceed.
  • Speakers need to consider and acknowledge these differences.

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Description

Explore the complexities of casual conversations compared to structured classroom interactions in this quiz. Delve into key concepts such as adjacency pairs, preferred responses, and the role of ethnomethodologists and discourse analysts in understanding conversation dynamics.

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