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Questions and Answers
What term is used to describe the practice of selecting the next speaker in a conversation?
A higher status person tends to listen more than interrupt during conversations.
False
Name one example of a positive politeness strategy.
Expressing solidarity or friendliness.
In Japanese, the use of respect markers such as ano ______ demonstrates honorification.
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Match the theorist with their contribution to language learning:
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Which of the following best describes 'synchronous' communication?
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Testese is a formal language used in academic settings.
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What is a tag question used for in a conversation?
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Study Notes
Turn-taking
- Conversation is based on principles of turn-taking and influenced by context, giving participants different opportunities to participate
- Current speaker selection or self-selection is involved, using methods like asking questions, making requests, issuing invitations, and offers.
- "Adjacency Pair" is a sequence of interaction, such as question and answer, request and grant/refuse, and invitation and accept/decline.
Tag Questions
- Tag questions are used to end a turn, starting with a declarative proposition, functioning as "exit techniques."
Interruptions
- Higher status individuals tend to interrupt more frequently, signaling their dominance in the conversation.
Listenership
- Listeners can signal their interest through words or vocalization, like "Yeah," "mmh," or "uh-huh."
- These vocalizations are meaningless on their own but function as a way to show engagement.
Conversational Postulates
- Conversational postulates highlight assumptions people have about the situation and their co-participants, based on cultural & linguistic models of interaction.
- Certain expectations exist for what can be said, including being truthful, relevant, and informative.
Directives
- Directives are intended to result in an action by the listener.
Politeness
- Politeness is crucial to maintain a positive interaction.
- Different politeness strategies exist:
- Positive politeness: expresses solidarity, friendliness, and reciprocity
- Negative politeness: emphasizes restraint and avoidance of imposing.
Honorification
- Honorification uses respect markers in nouns, verbs, and modifiers to address someone respectfully.
- This demonstrates politeness, particularly in languages like Japanese.
- Examples: "Ano hito" (plain) vs. "Ano kato" (honored)
Caller-hegemony
- The caller initiates an exchange, typically requesting something, and the communication is not random.
Testese
- Abbreviated language used in online communication, characterized by shortened words and informal tone.
Digital Divide
- Gap exists between people who can afford digital devices and those who cannot.
Synchronous Communication
- Multiple participants are present, enabling communication that can be read by everyone present.
- Includes non-verbal elements, such as facial gestures and expressions.
Asynchronous Communication
- Communication occurs through platforms like email, chatboards, and weblogs, without physical interaction.
Noam Chomsky
- Proposes that a child's language acquisition is based on a deep and abstract theory.
Jean Piaget
- Focuses on the role of individual cognition in language learning, suggesting it is due to cognitive maturation.
Ley Vygotsky
- Argues that language development stems from the social needs of children as they expand their interactions with others.
First Speech Sounds
- Early words often include "mama", "papa", "tata."
Holophrastic
- Each word expresses wide semantic and contextual meanings.
Wh-questions
- Questions introduced by the five W's (who, what, where, when, why).
Overregularization
- Application of grammatical rules to irregular words, leading to errors.
- Example: "comed" instead of "came"
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Description
Test your knowledge on turn-taking, tag questions, and conversational dynamics. This quiz explores how participants engage in conversations, the role of interruptions, and the significance of listener feedback. Understand the principles that govern effective communication.
