Ethics Overview and Moral Standards
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of rules as stated in the text?

  • To create unnecessary limitations
  • To punish wrongdoers
  • To restrict freedom
  • To ensure order (correct)

The text suggests that the ideal state is one where individuals do not need rules because they are inherently self-governing.

True (A)

What is the Latin equivalent of the Greek word "ethos"?

Moral

Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of ______ that explores the rightness or wrongness of human conduct.

<p>philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following topics is NOT explicitly mentioned as being within the realm of ethics?

<p>Political ideology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"moral" is an adjective exclusively used for actions, not for individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Ethics = The study of morality and human conduct Moral = An adjective describing the ethical quality of actions or individuals Ethos = The Greek word for &quot;custom&quot; (origin of the term &quot;ethics&quot;) Moral philosophy = A branch of philosophy focused on moral standards and human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-compliance with a moral standard can cause feelings of shame or embarrassment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these moral standards is considered deontological?

<p>Not-only-consequence standard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ standard is a teleological approach to morality, focusing on the consequences of an action.

<p>consequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between theist and non-theist views on the origin of moral standards?

<p>Theists believe moral standards are divinely derived, while non-theists view them as evolving or originating from human wisdom and reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following moral principles with their corresponding ethical categories:

<p>Do good and avoid evil = Natural law Respect for life, liberty, and property = Divine law Evolution of moral behavior = Evolutionary theory Sense of duty and virtue = Deontological standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a deontological moral standard based on situation and circumstances?

<p>Situation Ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the concept of natural law relates to moral standards according to the theistic perspective.

<p>In theist thought, natural law is seen as a reflection of God's will or divine order, providing a foundation for moral principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Theistic and non-theistic perspectives agree that the basis of moral standards is rooted in human evolution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a moral standard?

<p>Do not lie. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-moral standards can sometimes change over time.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by consequence standards?

<p>They depend on the outcomes or results of actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural law is often described as the law of God written in the ______.

<p>hearts of men</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of moral standards?

<p>They are derived from social etiquette. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples with their categories:

<p>Do not cheat others = Moral standard Do not talk with your mouth full = Non-moral standard Respect for humanity = Moral standard Observe correct grammar = Non-moral standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

Moral actions can be evaluated using moral categories.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide one example of a non-moral standard.

<p>Do not eat with your mouth open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a moral dilemma?

<p>Two or more moral values or duties make demands on the decision-maker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A false dilemma presents a situation where one has a moral duty to do one thing and is tempted to do another.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three levels of moral dilemmas?

<p>Individual, Organizational, Structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

A moral dilemma is a situation where the decision-maker is faced with _______ between moral values.

<p>tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of dilemma to its description:

<p>Individual = Personal dilemmas involving personal interests. Organizational = Conflicts between personal interests and organizational welfare. Structural = Conflicts of perspectives among sectors and groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in deciding a moral dilemma during an emergency?

<p>Decide based on judgment or principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gaps in organizational responsibilities lead to responsibilities being performed by multiple individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a structural dilemma?

<p>There is a conflict of perspective among sectors, groups, and institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of employees being unclear about their roles?

<p>They tailor their roles around personal preferences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive autonomy can lead to feelings of isolation among employees.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one technique for resolving moral dilemmas?

<p>Choosing the greater good and lesser evil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Without freedom, it is impossible to make a _____ choice.

<p>moral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of centralized decision-making?

<p>Loss of control at the top level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals are considered moral agents in the same way humans are.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'excessive interdependence' lead to in a work environment?

<p>Distraction and wasted time on coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ethical concepts to their descriptions:

<p>Decentralized Decision Making = Allows for rapid response to change Flexibility = Adapting rules to assist others Moral Dilemma Resolution = Choosing the greater good Autonomy = Independence from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for moral responsibility according to Kant?

<p>Free will (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Merely abiding by moral standards means owning and internalizing them.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes internalized moral standards from those simply followed?

<p>Internalized moral standards are followed with personal conviction, while those simply followed are not internalized and rely on external enforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

To be ethical, one must ______ moral standards rather than just abide by them.

<p>own</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Free Will = The ability to choose among alternatives Moral Responsibility = Accountability for one's actions based on choices Internalization = Integration of moral standards into personal belief Legalism = Following rules without personal conviction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement illustrates Kant's view on actions and moral responsibility?

<p>Actions can be assessed only if there is free will. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lower forms of animals can be held morally responsible for their actions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to legalistically follow moral standards?

<p>To follow rules strictly based on external authority without personal conviction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Importance of Rules

Rules are essential for maintaining order in society and preventing chaos.

Role of Rules

Rules help individuals grow in freedom and their ability to make good choices.

Rule-Abiding Citizen

An individual who follows rules naturally, without feeling restricted by them.

State of No-More Rules

An ideal condition where individuals act morally without needing laws, due to their maturity and wisdom.

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Ethics Definition

Ethics is the study of morality, dealing with rightness and wrongness of actions and character.

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Etymology of Ethics

The word 'ethics' comes from the Greek 'ethos' meaning 'custom', related to morality.

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Moral vs. Non-Moral Standards

Moral standards judge actions as right or wrong; non-moral standards do not relate to morality.

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Moral Agents

Individuals accountable for their actions, guided by moral standards.

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Moral Standards

Norms guiding what is right or wrong actions and character.

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Consequence Standards

Moral standards based on the outcomes or results of actions.

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Non-Consequence Standards

Moral standards based on natural law, intentions, or sense of duty.

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Natural Law

Law revealed through human reason, aligning with moral standards.

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Non-Moral Standards

Social rules or etiquette that don't involve moral judgment.

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Folkways

Social rules or norms considered non-moral in nature.

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Examples of Non-Moral Standards

Rules like good manners and etiquette that don't involve morality.

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Good Manners

Behavior expectations that guide polite interactions in society.

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Not-only-consequence standard

Moral judgment based on duty, virtue, or circumstances, not just outcomes.

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Deontological ethics

Ethical theory where morality is based on rules and duties, regardless of consequences.

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Situation ethics

Moral decisions based on the context and circumstances of a situation.

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Origin of moral standards

Sources of morality can be divine or evolve from human experiences.

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Theistic view

Belief that moral standards are derived from a divine source.

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Non-theistic view

Belief that morality arises from human wisdom and social experiences, not divine influence.

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Free Will

The ability to make choices that are not determined by past events.

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Moral Responsibility

Being accountable for one's actions based on moral standards.

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Internalization of Moral Standards

Integrating moral standards into one’s own belief system.

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Abiding by Moral Standards

Following moral rules without fully understanding or accepting them.

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Ethical Decision-Making

Choosing actions based on a personal understanding of right and wrong.

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Animals and Morality

Lower animals cannot be held responsible due to lack of choice.

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Legalistic Approach

Following rules strictly, often without personal conviction.

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Consequences of Choice

The outcomes that arise from the decisions made by individuals.

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Moral Dilemma

A situation where two or more moral values conflict, forcing a decision that violates at least one value.

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False Dilemma

A situation where there is a moral duty to do one thing, but pressure exists to do another.

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Individual Dilemma

A personal dilemma where one feels stuck regardless of the decision made.

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Organizational Dilemma

A conflict between an individual's self-interest and the welfare of the organization.

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Structural Dilemma

A conflict arising from differing perspectives of groups or sectors affected by a decision.

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Gaps in Responsibility

Occurs when key responsibilities are unclear, leading to tasks not being performed.

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Overlaps in Responsibility

Happens when responsibilities are unclear, causing confusion and wasted efforts.

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Principle of Lesser Evil

A decision-making principle to choose the option that causes the least harm.

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Lack of Clarity

When employees are unsure of their roles, they prioritize personal preferences over organizational goals.

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Flexibility in Rules

The balance between accommodating others by bending rules and strictly following them.

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Excessive Autonomy

Describes isolation due to too much individual freedom in decision-making.

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Excessive Interdependence

Occurs when too much coordination distracts from productive work.

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Centralized Decision-Making

Where decisions are made by top management, potentially losing touch with ground realities.

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Decentralized Decision-Making

Decision-making authority is spread out, allowing quicker responses to changes.

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Freedom and Moral Choice

The concept that true moral choices require the ability to act freely and unhindered.

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Study Notes

Ethics - Lesson 1: Course Orientation and the Importance of Rules

  • Rules are crucial for social order, preventing chaos.
  • Rules guide behavior, facilitating growth and freedom by promoting cooperation with others.
  • Mature individuals don't need external rules since they've internalized the moral principles needed to act rightly.
  • This ideal state reflects a society operating without a controlling government, individuals governing themselves based on what they understand to be good.

Ethics - Lesson 2: Moral and Non-Moral Standards

  • Ethics, derived from the Greek word "ethos" (custom), and the Latin equivalent "moral".
  • Ethics explores the rightness/wrongness of actions and the goodness/badness of character.
  • Moral standards provide guidelines for determining right/wrong actions and good/bad character.
  • Examples of moral standards: honesty, non-violence, and fairness.
  • Non-moral standards are social norms, etiquette.
  • Moral standards can be classified as consequentialist (based on outcomes) and non-consequentialist (based on duty, intentions, or principles).

Ethics - Lesson 3: Moral Dilemmas

  • Moral dilemmas involve conflicting moral values or duties.
  • A false dilemma presents a choice between a right action and the perceived need to do something else.
  • Moral dilemmas reflect conflicts in the application of moral standards.
  • In situations where urgency, necessity or greater/lesser evils create moral conflict, moral values are applied in various ways.
  • Divergent roads describe moral dilemmas as choices between potentially undesirable outcomes.

Ethics - Lesson 4: The Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas

  • Individual, organizational, and structural dilemmas are identified.
  • This relates to the conflicts of perspective of sectors or groups of individuals, regarding societal or organizational demands or interests.

Ethics - Lesson 5: Freedom as Foundation for Moral Acts

  • Freedom is fundamental to ethical choices.
  • Only humans have the capacity to make moral choices because only humans have freewill/choice, differentiating them from animals.
  • Moral responsibility comes with freedom of choice & the consequences of actions.
  • A moral standard should be internalized and owned rather than merely followed.

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Ethics Lessons 1-5 PDF

Description

Explore the foundation of ethics through lessons on the importance of rules and the distinction between moral and non-moral standards. This quiz will help you understand how ethical guidelines shape behavior and character. Delve into the concepts of right and wrong and their relevance in society.

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