week 11 & 12 exam notes
25 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was a primary ethical violation in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

  • Participants were promised health care but received none. (correct)
  • Participants were paid for their involvement.
  • The research was conducted without a scientific basis.
  • Participants were fully informed about the study.

    • Which principle is included in the Nuremberg Code regarding research risks?

  • All potential risks must be disclosed to participants.
  • Participants must be monitored for physical and mental suffering.
  • The risk of participation should never exceed the potential benefits. (correct)
  • Only reputable sponsors can conduct research.

    • What action was taken by Dr. Chester Southam in 1963 that raised ethical concerns?

  • He published false results in a medical journal.
  • He injected geriatric patients with live cancer cells without consent. (correct)
  • He withheld medical treatment from participants.
  • He conducted unauthorized experiments on healthy individuals.

    • Which guideline from the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the importance of informed consent?

    <p>Free and informed consent is essential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle was highlighted by the Declaration of Helsinki regarding experimental procedures?

    <p>Independent review of study protocols is mandatory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue related to ethical research was exemplified by Stanley Milgram's experiments?

    <p>Participants were deceived about the nature of the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>It is not legally binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research focuses on describing how things are rather than explaining why they are?

    <p>Descriptive research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of research involves measuring variables without manipulation?

    <p>Correlational research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for a small correlation coefficient according to the general rules for reporting correlations?

    <p>0.1 – 0.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a correlation coefficient (r) is 0.219, how strong is this relationship considered?

    <p>Weak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the coefficient of determination (r²) represent?

    <p>The proportion of variance in one variable accounted for by another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one principle related to the ethical conduct of human research?

    <p>Participants should be shown respect and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a negative relationship between two variables?

    <p>One variable increases while the other decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem arises from not being able to ascertain the true cause of a relationship between two variables?

    <p>Directionality problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of ethical approval for research involving humans?

    <p>Recruitment of researchers based on personal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of 'Replacement' refer to in the use of animals for research?

    <p>Using alternative methods when possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diederik Stapel was suspended due to misconduct involving which of the following?

    <p>Fabricating and manipulating data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of correlational research?

    <p>To describe the strength and direction of relationships between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies a conflict of interest?

    <p>A peer-reviewer has been friends with an author for years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a breach in the context of research misconduct?

    <p>Serious negligence or deliberation leading to harmful consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions may be required when investigating a complaint of research misconduct?

    <p>A discreet investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal in the supervision of research trainees?

    <p>Cultivating responsible research practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the principle of 'Refinement' regarding animal research?

    <p>Minimizing pain, suffering, and distress experienced by animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must researchers do when they have a potential conflict of interest?

    <p>Declare and manage the conflict appropriately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ethics in Research

    • The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) involved 600 African-American agricultural workers who were promised healthcare as an incentive.
    • Participants were not diagnosed, advised, treated, or cured for syphilis, despite the availability of penicillin by 1947.
    • 128 participants died during this study.

    Nuremberg Code (1947)

    • The Nuremberg Code outlines 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human research participants.
    • These guidelines were established in response to the atrocities committed during the Nazi regime.
    • These guidelines are not legally binding.

    Unethical Research Practices

    • Dr. Chester Southam (1963) injected geriatric hospital patients with live liver cancer cells without their informed consent.
    • Stanley Milgram (1963) conducted a study where participants were led to believe they were administering shocks, inducing psychological distress and raising ethical concerns about deception and informed consent.

    Declaration of Helsinki (1964)

    • This document sets ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
    • It emphasizes the importance of independent review committees to evaluate research protocols.

    Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research

    • Provides a framework for ethical research practices within universities and public sector institutions.
    • Covers various aspects of research conduct, including data management, supervision, publication, authorship, peer review, conflict of interest, and collaborations.

    National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research

    • Outlines standards for the design, review, and conduct of human research.
    • Aims to promote ethical human research that respects and protects participants while fostering research that benefits the community.
    • Ethical approval is mandatory for any research involving human participants.
    • This includes surveys, interviews, focus groups, psychological testing, medical treatment, observation, access to personal documents, collection of bodily materials, and access to personal information.

    Animal Research

    • The use of live vertebrate animals in research requires ethical approval.
    • The Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes outlines principles for responsible animal research.
    • These principles include: Replacement (using alternative methods whenever possible), Reduction (minimizing the number of animals used), and Refinement (minimizing pain, suffering, and distress).

    Conflict of Interest

    • A conflict of interest arises when financial or personal considerations have the potential to compromise scientific or professional conduct.
    • Examples include researchers benefiting financially from a specific research outcome, researchers receiving undisclosed payments, peer reviewers favoring research similar to their own work, or personal relationships between researchers and participants.

    Research Misconduct

    • A "breach" refers to deviations from the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research.
    • Complaints of research misconduct require a response that may involve investigation, inquiry, and remedial actions.
    • Research misconduct occurs if it involves all of the following: an alleged breach of the Australian Code, deliberation or recklessness, and serious consequences.
    • Research misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, deception, failure to declare or manage a serious conflict of interest.
    • Diederik Stapel, a Dutch social psychologist, was suspended for fabricating and manipulating data, leading to the retraction of at least 57 publications.

    Research Strategies

    Descriptive Research

    • Aims to describe how things are, rather than explaining why they are.
    • Often uses observational and survey research.
    • Examples: What is the typical number of hours spent studying each week?

    Correlational Research

    • Goal is to describe the strength and direction of relationships between two or more variables.
    • It measures variables but doesn’t manipulate them.
    • Allows for predictions but cannot establish cause-and-effect.
    • Relationships can be positive (both variables change in the same direction), negative (variables change in opposite directions), linear, and/or non-linear.

    Pearson’s Correlation

    • A statistical method used to measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.
    • Provides a correlation coefficient (r) which indicates the strength and direction of the relationship.
    • The coefficient of determination (r2) indicates the proportion of variation in one variable that is accounted for by the other.

    Terms to Use in Correlational Research

    • Association
    • Relation
    • Correlation
    • Prediction

    Experimental Research

    • Aims to identify cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating independent variables and measuring dependent variables.
    • Requires four key elements: manipulation, measurement, control, and comparison.

    Between-Subjects Design

    • Different participants are assigned to each treatment condition.
    • Vulnerable to individual difference threats to validity, but not time-related threats.

    Within-Subjects Design

    • The same participants are exposed to all treatment conditions.
    • Not vulnerable to individual differences threats to validity, but vulnerable to time-related threats.

    Extraneous Variables

    • Variables other than the independent and dependent variables in a study.
    • They can become confounding variables if they influence the dependent variable.

    Confounding Variables

    • Change systematically with the independent variable, influencing the dependent variable, making it difficult to determine the true effect of the independent variable.

    Control Strategies

    • Holding a variable constant: Reduces the possibility of a variable becoming confounding by restricting its range.
    • Matching: Balancing the levels of a variable across treatment conditions to ensure they are equivalent (e.g., using counterbalancing or ensuring equal representation across conditions).
    • Randomization: Utilizes random processes to avoid systematic relationships between variables, reducing the influence of extraneous variables.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Week 11 & 12 Exam Notes PDF

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser