Ethical Research Principles
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Questions and Answers

Which principle is NOT one of the core ethical considerations that guide psychological research?

  • Maintaining honesty and integrity in the collection, analysis, and reporting of data.
  • Ensuring respect for the people participating in research studies.
  • Showing respect for animals used in research.
  • Prioritizing the pursuit of scientific advancement above all else. (correct)

What was the primary ethical violation in the Tuskegee experiment conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service?

  • The researchers intentionally exposed healthy individuals to syphilis.
  • The researchers published the participants' personal information without their permission.
  • The researchers did not obtain informed consent from the participants. (correct)
  • The researchers used invasive procedures that caused physical harm to the participants.

What prompted the development of ethical guidelines such as the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki?

  • The exposure of unethical and harmful research practices during World War II. (correct)
  • The need to protect intellectual property rights in scientific discoveries.
  • A desire to standardize research procedures across different scientific disciplines.
  • Growing public concern about the use of animals in research.

What is one key element of ensuring respect for persons in psychological research?

<p>Allowing participants to withdraw from the research at any time without penalty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to study the effects of a new teaching method on student performance but worries that informing students about the study might alter their behavior. What would be the most ethically sound approach?

<p>Fully debrief the students after the study, explaining the reasons for any deception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychological research, which of the following best exemplifies respecting the truth?

<p>Disclosing all potential conflicts of interest that could bias the research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher discovers an error in previously published data that does not alter the overall conclusions of the study. What is the ethical course of action?

<p>Correct the error by publishing an erratum or correction notice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action would NOT be an example of researchers showing respect in their research?

<p>Collecting information without the participants knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Diederik Stapel's fraudulent research go undetected for so long?

<p>His findings were not considered significant or widely replicated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles of scientific integrity, what is the primary reason important fraudulent research is eventually uncovered?

<p>The scientific community values replication and critical examination of data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A psychologist conducts a study and obtains results that partially support the initial hypothesis but also reveal unexpected findings. What is the ethical course of action when reporting these results?

<p>Report all results, including those that do not support the hypothesis, to provide a complete picture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant reason psychologists are obligated to share their data with other competent professionals?

<p>To allow for independent verification of conclusions through reanalysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research team is conducting a study. One member contributes significantly to data collection and analysis, but their role is downplayed in the final publication. What ethical principle has been violated?

<p>The obligation to share credit fairly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would be considered 'fudging results' in psychological research?

<p>Changing records of data that were actually collected to better fit the hypothesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a psychologist discovers an error in a published study after its release, what is the most ethical course of action?

<p>Publish a correction or erratum to transparently address and rectify the error. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for psychologists to accurately cite prior research when publishing their work?

<p>To give appropriate credit to scientists who have done related work and acknowledge the knowledge base upon which their research builds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tenet of the 'Three Rs' focuses on ensuring that animal housing and care meet the animals' basic behavioral needs, such as nesting for mice or perching for primates?

<p>Refinement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Research Ethics Boards (REBs) in psychological research?

<p>To ensure that data is collected ethically. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the 'honour system' considered effective in science, despite the lack of direct oversight of data analysis and reporting?

<p>Scientific claims are subjected to scrutiny and replication attempts by other scientists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the 'Replacement' tenet of the Three Rs in animal research ethics?

<p>Using cell cultures instead of live animals for a study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Peter Singer's argument regarding 'species-ism'?

<p>It advocates for treating all species equally, suggesting that causing pain to animals is as unethical as causing pain to humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best demonstrates the 'Reduction' principle in animal research?

<p>A researcher uses advanced statistical methods to obtain meaningful data from a smaller group of animals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct consequence of fabricating or falsifying scientific data, as illustrated by the case of Jan Hendrik Schön?

<p>Loss of professional credibility and potential revocation of academic degrees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do psychologists 'gladly accept' limitations on research that might provide valuable scientific knowledge?

<p>Because ethical treatment of research participants(including humans and animals) must be paramount. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the broader view of Canadians towards animal rights, as indicated by the 2013 Nanos poll?

<p>Most Canadians distinguish between animal and human rights and support the ethical use of animals in research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Canadian Council on Animal Care(CCAC)?

<p>Establishing and maintaining national standards for the ethical use and care of animals in research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason given for why psychologists don't use the 'honor system' in stores, banks, or courtrooms?

<p>Those areas are not community enterprises. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate description of the percentage of psychological studies involving animals?

<p>Only a small percentage of psychological studies involve animals, and very few cause pain or harm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important aspect to consider when deciding if animals should be used for clothing or research?

<p>Whether the animal is capable of feeling pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'species-ism' refer to, as described by philosopher Peter Singer?

<p>The belief that humans are superior to other species and therefore have more rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jan Hendrik Schön announced in 2001 that he had produced a molecular scale transistor; what happened when other scientists attempted to replicate the findings?

<p>The other scientists discovered that Schön had fabricated his data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most likely require a psychologist to seek informed consent from a legal guardian rather than the participant directly?

<p>A 17-year-old participant who is participating in a study about the effects of social media on teenagers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is designing a study that involves a short period of mild discomfort for participants. According to ethical guidelines, which of the following must the researcher demonstrate?

<p>That the potential benefits of the study outweigh the risks to participants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Research Ethics Boards (REBs) in universities regarding psychological studies?

<p>To ensure that all psychological studies adhere to ethical guidelines and protect the rights of participants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to study the effects of severe neglect on language development in children. Based on ethical considerations, what is the most appropriate course of action?

<p>Study children who have already experienced neglect due to unforeseen circumstances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A psychologist is conducting a study on test anxiety but deceives participants by telling them that the study is about puzzle-solving skills. Following the study, what is the psychologist ethically obligated to do?

<p>Provide a full debriefing to participants, explaining the true nature and purpose of the study. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS), what does the ethical principle of 'justice' primarily ensure in research involving human participants?

<p>That the benefits and risks of research are distributed fairly across different groups of participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a study where deception is used, what is the primary goal of the debriefing process?

<p>To minimize any potential harm caused by the deception and restore participants to their original state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher plans to study sensitive information about participants' personal lives. What is the researcher's ethical obligation regarding this information?

<p>To keep the information confidential and protect participants' privacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of 'respect for persons' influence the process of obtaining informed consent?

<p>It emphasizes the importance of providing participants with all relevant information necessary to make an informed decision about participating. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would offering a large sum of money to potential participants be considered ethically problematic?

<p>When the money may unduly influence individuals to participate in a study they would otherwise decline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two equally effective methods exist for studying a phenomenon, what is a psychologist ethically obligated to do?

<p>Use the safer method to protect participants from harm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having at least one nonscientist and one person unaffiliated with the institution on a Research Ethics Board (REB)?

<p>To provide diverse perspectives and prevent potential biases in the ethical review process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher fails to fully debrief a participant after a study involving deception, resulting in the participant experiencing prolonged distress. Which ethical principle did the researcher violate?

<p>Protection from harm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the guidelines, when is it acceptable for psychologists to use deception in their research studies?

<p>When alternative procedures are not feasible and the study has significant value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers do to uphold the ethical principle of 'freedom from coercion'?

<p>Avoid any form of pressure or influence that could compel individuals to participate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethical Research Principles

Ethical research is guided by respect for persons, truth, and well-being.

Respect for People

Ensure the well-being and rights of participants are protected.

Respect for Truth

Psychologists truthfully and accurately report their findings

Code of Ethics

Detailed guidelines ensuring participant protection in research

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Nuremberg Code (1947)

An early set of ethical principles for human experimentation, following WWII.

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Declaration of Helsinki (1964)

Expansion and refinement of the Nuremberg Code regarding ethical research.

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Tuskegee Experiment

A study where Black men with syphilis were denied treatment to observe the disease’s progression

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Informed Consent

Participants should be fully informed about the nature of the research.

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Truthful Reporting

The ethical obligation for psychologists to truthfully report their study methods and findings in scientific publications.

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Fair Credit Sharing

The ethical requirement for psychologists to appropriately acknowledge contributions by including co-authors and citing related work.

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Data Sharing

The ethical duty for psychologists to provide their data for verification purposes upon request from competent professionals.

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Fabricating/Fudging Results

Creating or altering data to support a hypothesis or desired outcome.

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Misleading by Omission

Selectively reporting only the results that support a hypothesis while ignoring contradictory evidence.

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Importance of Verifiability

Ensures integrity in science by allowing other scientists to verify and validate research findings.

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Uncovering Scientific Fraud

When closely scrutinizing data, suspicion arises and this can lead to uncovering fraudulent research.

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Psychologist's Honor

Psychologists are expected to be honest, share credit fairly, and provide data access for verification.

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CCAC

The national organization in Canada responsible for establishing standards for ethical animal use and care in research.

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The Three Rs tenet

A framework guiding ethical animal use in science, emphasizing Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.

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Replacement (in animal research)

Proving there is no alternative to animal use and justifying it with scientific or clinical value.

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Reduction (in animal Research)

Using the smallest possible number of animals to achieve research goals.

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Refinement (in Animal Research)

Modifying procedures to minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain in research animals.

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Animal Rights Philosophy

The idea that all creatures capable of feeling pain have equal fundamental rights.

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Species-ism

Treating nonhumans differently from humans; considered morally wrong by some.

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Honour System (in Science)

The idea that honest data analysis and reporting in science relies on the integrity of scientists.

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Replication

When scientists try to reproduce the findings of another scientist.

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Data Fabrication

The practice of fabricating or falsifying data in scientific research.

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Animal research guidelines

National standards that research must follow to ensure the ethical use and care of animals.

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Attacks against animal researchers

Acts of violence or intimidation against researchers conducting animal research.

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Canadian Public opinion on Animal Research

Canadians are largely in favor of the use of animals in research, even if only by a slim margin.

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Animal studies in Psychology

A small percentage of psychological studies that involve animals, and those studies cause minimal, if any, pain or harm.

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Research ethics boards

Boards ensure data are collected ethically, but honesty in data analysis and reporting relies on the integrity of scientists.

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Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)

An ethical framework guiding research involving human participants in Canada.

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Respect for Persons

Respecting individuals' autonomy and their right to make their own decisions in research.

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Concern for Welfare

Maximizing benefits and minimizing risks for participants in research studies.

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Justice (in research ethics)

Distributing benefits and risks equitably among research participants.

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Right to Withdraw

Participants can leave a study at any time without negative consequences.

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Freedom from Coercion

Researchers cannot unduly influence participation through excessive rewards.

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Protection from Harm

Protecting participants from physical or psychological harm during research.

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Risk-Benefit Analysis

Weighing potential risks against benefits of a study.

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Deception (in research)

Withholding information, only justified if necessary and with debriefing.

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Debriefing

Explaining the true nature and purpose of a study after participation.

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Confidentiality

Keeping personal information confidential and private.

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Research Ethics Board (REB)

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical guidelines are followed.

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What is debriefing?

Verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

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What is confidentiality?

Maintaining the privacy of participant data.

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Study Notes

  • Ethical research adheres to three basic principles: respect for people, concern for animal welfare, and commitment to truth.

Respecting People

  • The Nuremberg Code of 1947 and the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 established ethical treatment rules for experiment participants following the barbaric experiments by Nazi doctors during World War II.
  • In Canada, research involving human participants or tissue operates under the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS).
  • The "Tri-Council" includes CIHR, NSERC, and SSHRC, covering health-related, science, and social science research, respectively.
  • The TCPS core principles are respect for persons, concern for welfare, and justice.
  • Respect for persons includes the right to make decisions without coercion.
  • Concern for welfare maximizes benefits and reduces risks.
  • Justice distributes benefits and risks equally.
  • Psychologists follow a specific ethical code incorporating and expanding upon these principles.
  • Informed consent is required, involving a verbal agreement by an adult who has been informed of all potential risks.
  • Participants can withdraw from a study at any time without penalty.
  • Coercion, including physical, psychological, and monetary forms, is prohibited.
  • Researchers must protect participants from physical or psychological harm, choosing the safest method or abstaining from the study if no safe method exists.
  • Risk-benefit analysis is essential; risks to participants must be outweighed by the social benefits of the knowledge gained, and large risks are generally not permissible.
  • Deception is allowed only when justified by the study's value and when there are no alternative procedures, but never regarding aspects that could cause harm.
  • Debriefing, a verbal description of the study's true nature and purpose, is required after deception, and the psychologist must attempt to undo any negative changes in the participant.
  • Confidentiality of private and personal information obtained during a study is mandatory.
  • Research ethics boards (REBs) at universities, composed of researchers, staff, and community members, review and approve psychology studies.
  • Federally funded research requires the REB to include at least one nonscientist and one person not affiliated with the institution.
  • Studies that violate basic human rights are considered unethical and cannot be performed, regardless of the potential scientific knowledge gained.

Respecting Animals

  • The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) sets standards for the ethical use and care of animals in research.
  • The Three Rs tenet guides the ethical use of animals, ensuring consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment.
  • Replacement: researchers prove there is no other alternative to animals in research.
  • Reduction: use the smallest number of animals possible to achieve the research.
  • Refinement: modify procedures to minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animals.
  • Animals must be treated humanely, with comfortable housing, ability to satisfy basic instincts, and proper administration of painkillers.
  • Philosopher Peter Singer argues that all creatures capable of feeling pain have equal rights and that species-ism is as abhorrent as racism or sexism.
  • Most Canadians support the use of animals in research but also distinguish between animal and human rights.

Respecting Truth

  • Psychology relies on the honor system to ensure data are honestly analyzed and thoroughly reported.
  • The scientific community validates claims when scientists claim to have found something important.
  • Jan Hendrik Schön's fraudulent claim of producing a molecular-scale transistor was exposed when others couldn't replicate his work.
  • Diederik Stapel's data fabrication went on for decades due to the limited interest in replicating his work.
  • Psychologists must report truthfully on their methods and findings when publishing studies.
  • Fabrication, fudging, and misleading by omission are prohibited.
  • Psychologists must share credit fairly with co-authors and acknowledge related work by other scientists.
  • Sharing data is obligatory, allowing other professionals to verify claims through reanalysis.
  • The ability for anyone to check on anyone else is a key reason why the honor system works effectively.

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Description

Ethical research adheres to respect for people, concern for animal welfare, and commitment to truth. The Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS) in Canada emphasizes respect for persons, concern for welfare, and justice. Psychologists follow a specific ethical code incorporating and expanding upon these principles.

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