46 Questions
Which of the following is an element of research ethics as outlined in the text?
Social Value
What is one of the essential elements of informed consent highlighted in the text?
Comprehension
In the context of public health ethics, what does 'Public Health Surveillance' refer to?
Monitoring and analysis of health events
What is a universal principle of research ethics mentioned in the text?
Justice
Which of the following is NOT a key activity of surveillance in public health?
Implementing appropriate measures to address public health problems
In the context of emergency investigation response and outbreak, what is the primary purpose of public health activities?
To determine the nature and magnitude of a public health problem
In the given scenario, what should the researcher do regarding the teenage mother participant?
Exclude the said participant from the study because she is too vulnerable to be considered
What can be BEST concluded from the scenario involving the high-profile personality and the hospital management?
Suing the hospital was uncalled for since a person’s COVID-19 status at the time should align with the protocols stated by law
What is true in terms of the ethical implications of the researchers' actions regarding Marcus' biological samples?
Informed consent from Marcus was violated
In the context of informed consent, which statement is correct?
When IC form is not feasible or unacceptable to the client, a description of the process must be attested by a researcher
Which of the following is an example of a vulnerable population?
Elderly
What is required when vulnerable participants are involved in research?
Special protection
What is the justification for conducting research involving humans?
Reasonable likelihood of benefit to the population
What is the classification of minimal risk in research?
Probability and magnitude of harm not greater than daily life experiences
What should ethical research be characterized by?
Transparency
What is required in the collection, retention, and processing of personal information in research?
Adherence to principles of transparency, legitimate purpose, and proportionality
What is the role of a witness in the informed consent process?
To support that the participant signed the informed consent
What is distributive justice in the context of research?
Equitable distribution of both the burdens and benefits of participation
What should be done to minimize the negative impact on participants’ well-being in research?
Every precaution shall be taken
What is the role of the researcher in the event of observing illegal or harmful behavior during data collection?
Prepare a protocol for reporting and referral
What is the requirement for research involving vulnerable groups?
Necessary for the welfare of the represented population and cannot be performed on non-vulnerable persons
What should be provided to research participants regardless of their economic status, gender, race, or creed?
Appropriate care
What does research involvement in epidemiologic studies entail?
Systematic data collection or analysis to generate new knowledge
Which of the following is NOT an element of universal principles of research ethics?
Justice and equality
What is an essential information that should be included in the informed consent process?
Details about participation and freedom to refuse
When is participation in research justified?
When the study has scientific and social value
What does reflecting social value in a research proposal require?
A clear description of the study's significance, design, methodology, and dissemination plan
What does informed consent reflect?
Voluntariness, comprehensibility of information, and the capacity to decide
How should potential participants be informed about the research in terms of language and manner?
In a language and manner that suits their capacity and understanding
What should documentation of consent include?
The actual signature or thumb mark of the potential participant
What should researchers obtain from incapable participants?
Assent
What does involvement of research participants entail?
Exposure to manipulation, intervention, observation, or alteration of their environment
What are the elements of research ethics?
Social value, informed consent, vulnerability of research participants, risks, benefits, safety, privacy, confidentiality, and transparency
What should each participant have the opportunity to do?
Ask questions and receive honest, prompt, and complete answers
What does public health emphasize?
Social and environmental factors
What do public health ethics involve?
Balancing individual welfare with public health goals
What may public health measures entail?
Coercive actions authorized by law
What does public health surveillance include?
Population surveillance of disease trends
What is the primary concern of public health?
Preventing disease and promoting health for the entire population
What do public health ethics involve protecting while respecting?
Protecting individual welfare while respecting individual liberties
What is the role of public health in disease prevention?
Active role in disease prevention for the entire population
What is the focus of public health programs?
Minimizing health risks and causes
What does public health surveillance entail?
Population surveillance of disease trends
What do public health ethics involve resolving?
Ethical problems in public health practice and research
What is the emphasis of public health?
Disease prevention and health promotion for the entire population
What is the focus of public health ethics?
Balancing individual welfare with public health goals
Study Notes
Ethics in Epidemiologic Studies
- Research involvement includes systematic data collection or analysis to generate new knowledge
- Involvement of research participants entails exposure to manipulation, intervention, observation, or alteration of their environment
- Universal principles of research ethics include respect for persons and community, beneficence and non-maleficence, and justice
- Elements of research ethics include social value, informed consent, vulnerability of research participants, risks, benefits, safety, privacy, confidentiality, and transparency
- Participation in research is justified only if the study has scientific and social value
- Reflecting social value in a research proposal requires a clear description of the study's significance, design, methodology, and dissemination plan
- Informed consent reflects voluntariness, comprehensibility of information, and the capacity to decide
- Essential information in the informed consent includes details about participation, freedom to refuse, purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, privacy, confidentiality, and REC approval
- Informing potential participants should be in a language and manner that suits their capacity and understanding
- Each participant should have the opportunity to ask questions and receive honest, prompt, and complete answers
- Documentation of consent should include the actual signature or thumb mark of the potential participant
- Researchers must obtain assent from incapable participants and the consent of a legally authorized representative
Public Health Ethics and Measures
- Transparency in research involvement promotes confidence in the research enterprise and entails disclosure of valid and confirmed findings with significant implications for participant well-being.
- Epidemiological research aims to elucidate disease causes, provide information for disease prevention, and involves data collection from individuals with minimal personal benefit.
- Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and includes community efforts for sanitation, communicable disease control, and healthcare organization.
- Public health emphasizes health promotion, uses epidemiological data, recognizes multidimensional health determinants, and focuses on complex interactions of biological, behavioral, social, and environmental factors.
- Public health ethics involve resolving ethical problems in public health practice and research and balancing individual welfare with public health goals.
- Public health measures may be mandatory or coercive, authorized by law, and may infringe upon personal privacy or autonomy, raising concerns about individual liberties and public health perspectives.
- Public health programs should aim to reduce health risks and causes, promote health, and minimize interventions that are unduly intrusive or conflict with personal values.
- Policy issues and ethics in public health include evidence-based research on causes of ill health, efficacy of interventions, risk assessments, and precaution and proportionality.
- Public health surveillance includes population surveillance of disease trends and notifiable disease surveillance, with anonymized data collection for disease trend assessment and prediction.
- Ethical issues in public health measures raise complex questions about the relationship between the state and affected individuals and organizations, often balancing individual autonomy with public welfare.
- Public health is primarily concerned with the health of the entire population, emphasizing health promotion, disease prevention, and the complex interactions of various health determinants.
- Public health ethics involve protecting individual welfare while respecting public health goals, ensuring a just distribution of public health resources, and resolving ethical problems in public health practice and research.
Test your knowledge of ethics in epidemiologic studies and public health measures with this quiz. Explore principles of research ethics, informed consent, public health ethics, transparency in research, public health surveillance, and the balance between individual welfare and public health goals.
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