Ethics and Values System - Chapter Review

Principles based on beliefs about good or bad behavior, used to make judgments.

Ethics is about trying to live consistently with a standard of right and wrong in thoughts and actions.

Shared traditions and customs that shape how people behave and define what's right or wrong.

Beliefs about what's good or bad, right or wrong, often influenced by personal experience, religion, and society.

Ethics as a system of rules and values that govern behavior within a group or community.

The idea that ethics is about doing the right thing, regardless of personal preferences.

A principle emphasizing treating others as you wish to be treated.

The idea that ethical principles are relative to different individuals, cultures, or contexts.

The set of personal principles that guide your actions and decisions.

A formalized set of personal principles that shape behavior.

A value that is good in and of itself, pursued for its own sake.

A value pursued for its usefulness in achieving another value.

The situation where a person's values conflict with a possible action.

The study of ethics focuses on this area where moral decisions are complex and difficult.

The process of absorbing ethical standards through observation and experience.

Following strict moral principles, regardless of the consequences of those actions.

The study of putting ethical theories into practical action.

The potential downside of universal ethics, where individuals blindly follow moral rules without considering their consequences.

The advantage of ethical relativism, where individuals can adjust their actions based on their specific context and situation.

Choosing to follow the ethical principles that are widely accepted within your society.

Challenges to ethical principles, often presenting situations where different principles clash.

Focuses on individual rights and societal standards formed through critical examination; something is right or wrong if it withstands societal scrutiny.

Based on self-chosen ethical principles consistent with one's individual values; something is right or wrong based on conscious choices.

Kohlberg's framework explains how ethical reasoning develops through life experiences. It builds on previous stages, not skipped.

People can't grasp moral dilemmas far beyond their life experience and understanding. It's like trying to learn advanced math without basic skills.

The process of understanding and evaluating ethical dilemmas over time.

The lowest level in Kohlberg's model, where individuals prioritize avoiding punishment and getting rewards.

Individuals in this stage make decisions based on what pleases their family or social group.

This stage is marked by the understanding of societal rules and laws. People act to uphold the social order, following codes and expectations.

The second level in Kohlberg's system, characterized by adhering to social expectations and rules.

The highest level of moral reasoning, marked by personal principles and moral values that go beyond societal expectations.

This stage focuses on satisfying one's own needs and desires. It moves beyond simply avoiding punishment.

People in this stage are focused on avoiding punishment and following authority figures.

Kohlberg's theory proposes that individuals progress through six stages of moral development, categorized into three levels.

Focuses on the outcome of an action and whether it leads to positive or negative results.

Judges the action itself based on its inherent moral rightness or wrongness, regardless of the consequences.

A three-step process to analyze an ethical problem considering consequences, actions, and making a final decision.

A series of questions designed to guide ethical reasoning by analyzing facts, perspectives, potential outcomes, and personal feelings.

Identifying the facts, considering potential outcomes, and evaluating personal feelings are crucial steps in ethical reasoning.

Assumptions for ethical reasoning include sufficient time, information, and available alternative options.