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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes discipline within the workplace context?
Which of the following best describes discipline within the workplace context?
What is the initial step in the grievance process when an employee has a complaint?
What is the initial step in the grievance process when an employee has a complaint?
What does a performance evaluation system primarily assess?
What does a performance evaluation system primarily assess?
What stage follows the management's written response in the grievance process?
What stage follows the management's written response in the grievance process?
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Which of the following factors can be considered an external influence on employee performance?
Which of the following factors can be considered an external influence on employee performance?
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What best defines ethics in leadership?
What best defines ethics in leadership?
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Which statement is a common misconception regarding ethics?
Which statement is a common misconception regarding ethics?
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What is the primary focus of social responsibility in business?
What is the primary focus of social responsibility in business?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four associated standards in the Philosopher's Approach to ethical decision making?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four associated standards in the Philosopher's Approach to ethical decision making?
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Which of the following is an example of internal diversity?
Which of the following is an example of internal diversity?
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How does the Creating Shared Value (CSV) concept benefit both companies and communities?
How does the Creating Shared Value (CSV) concept benefit both companies and communities?
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Which of the following exemplifies an ethical level of social responsibility?
Which of the following exemplifies an ethical level of social responsibility?
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Which of the following is an external diversity characteristic?
Which of the following is an external diversity characteristic?
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What is the coverage requirement for the EEOC in relation to an employer's workforce?
What is the coverage requirement for the EEOC in relation to an employer's workforce?
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Under which condition can age discrimination laws be exempted according to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act?
Under which condition can age discrimination laws be exempted according to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act?
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What does the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibit?
What does the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibit?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a criterion for equal pay under the Equal Pay Act?
Which of the following is NOT considered a criterion for equal pay under the Equal Pay Act?
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What is the primary purpose of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)?
What is the primary purpose of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)?
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What principle does 'employment-at-will' uphold in the workplace?
What principle does 'employment-at-will' uphold in the workplace?
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Which of the following is an exception to the employment-at-will principle?
Which of the following is an exception to the employment-at-will principle?
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Which of the following statements about retaliation under employment laws is true?
Which of the following statements about retaliation under employment laws is true?
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Study Notes
Ethics and Values
- Ethics: Principles defining right and wrong.
- Values: Personal standards considered desirable.
- Ethical Development: Shaped by personal experiences, cultural influences, and upbringing.
Ethical Decision Making Models
Philosopher's Approach
- Utilitarianism: Focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
- Deontology: Emphasizes moral duty and universal principles.
- Virtue Ethics: Focuses on developing good character traits.
- Justice: Aims for fairness and equality in outcomes.
Josephson Institute of Ethics Model
- Is it legal? Conforming to laws and regulations.
- Is it balanced? Fair and unbiased towards all involved parties.
- How does it make me feel? Considers personal values and ethical intuition.
- Would I want it publicized? Tests the action's transparency.
- Would I want my children to do it? Evaluates the action's impact on future generations.
- Is it a good example? Sets a positive example for others to follow.
Social Responsibility
- Social Responsibility: Manager or leader's duty to benefit both society and the organization.
Levels of Social Responsibility
- Economic: Primarily focused on profit maximization.
- Legal: Compliance with laws and regulations.
- Ethical: Meeting ethical standards beyond legal requirements.
- Philanthropic: Contributing to the community through donations and volunteerism.
Creating Shared Value (CSV)
- Companies and the community are interconnected, benefiting from each other's success.
- Example: Investing in education benefits both the workforce and the company.
Diversity and Inclusion
Internal Diversity
- Definition: Inherent personal characteristics.
- Examples: Race, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, physical and mental abilities
External Diversity
- Definition: Characteristics acquired or changing over time.
- Examples: Education level, marital status, interests, job title, religious beliefs, socioeconomic status, life experiences
Advantages of Diversity and Inclusion
- Improved problem-solving: Diverse perspectives lead to more creative solutions.
- Enhanced innovation: Different backgrounds foster new ideas and approaches.
- Increased competitiveness: Attracting and retaining talent from a wider pool.
- Improved employee morale: Inclusive environments foster a sense of belonging.
- Stronger brand reputation: Demonstrates commitment to ethical values.
Strategies for Diversity and Inclusion
- Recruitment: Actively seeking diverse candidates.
- Training: Providing cultural competency and sensitivity programs.
- Mentorship: Supporting diverse employees through career development.
- Employee resource groups: Creating spaces for shared identity and support.
- Leadership commitment: Demonstrating support for diversity and inclusion from the top.
- Performance reviews: Evaluating employees' contributions to diversity initiatives.
- Policy development: Implementing inclusive policies and procedures.
- Data collection: Tracking diversity metrics to monitor progress.
Employment Laws
- Leaders must be aware of laws that protect employees from discrimination:
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- Coverage: Applies to employers with 15 or more employees.
- Prohibition: Discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin.
- Exception: Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ), where a specific characteristic is essential for the job.
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)
- Coverage: Applies to employers with 20 or more employees.
- Prohibition: Based on age for employees 40 years and older.
- Commonly used: In cases of discriminatory layoffs.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
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Definition of Disability:
- Physical or mental condition limiting a major life activity.
- History of disability.
- Transitory (short-term) physical or mental impairment.
- Requirement: Employers must make reasonable accommodations for qualified employees with disabilities.
Equal Pay Act (EPA)
- Coverage: Employers with 2 or more employees.
- Requirement: Equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender.
- Exceptions: Pay disparities due to merit, seniority, quantity or quality of production, or non-gender-related factors.
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
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Requirement: Employers provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave for:
- Childbirth.
- Adoption.
- Caregiving for a sick family member.
- Serious health condition of the employee.
Retaliation
- Prohibition: Illegal to fire, demote, harass, or retaliate against employees for filing a discrimination charge.
- Landmark Case: Sanders v. Thomas
Employment-at-Will Principle
- Definition: Employer or employee can terminate their employment at any time, without cause.
Exceptions
- Contract: Explicit written agreement specifying conditions of employment.
- Implied Contract: Verbal or written communications suggesting a promise of continued employment.
- Public Policy Exception: Actions violating legal principles, such as whistleblowing.
Unionization
- Union: Employee organization negotiating with employers.
- Collective Bargaining: Process defining terms of employment through negotiations.
- Grievance Process: Formal complaint procedure resolving contract violations.
Stress
- Definition: Physical and emotional response to challenging situations.
Types of Workplace Stress
- Task Stress: Demands and deadlines at work.
- Role Stress: Conflicting job expectations or unclear roles.
- Interpersonal Stress: Conflicts or difficult relationships.
- Organizational Stress: Poor communication, lack of support, or unfair treatment.
- Life Stress: Personal challenges outside of work affecting performance.
Performance Issues
-
15 Types:
- Lack of skills or knowledge: Inadequate training or experience.
- Lack of motivation: Unengaged or demotivated.
- Lack of effort: Not working to full potential.
- Lack of ability: Incapable of meeting job demands.
- Poor attitude: Negative or uncooperative.
- Poor communication: Difficulties expressing or receiving information.
- Lack of time management: Poor organization or prioritization.
- Poor decision making: Lack of judgment or critical thinking.
- Lack of teamwork: Inability to collaborate effectively with others.
- Lack of accountability: Unwillingness to take responsibility.
- Inadequate job performance: Failing to meet expectations.
- Conflicts with colleagues: Interpersonal disputes.
- Excessive absenteeism or tardiness: Unreliability.
- Substance abuse: Alcohol or drug use impacting performance.
- Harassment: Creating hostile work environment.
Internal Influences
- Individual factors: Skills, knowledge, motivation, attitude.
- Work environment: Physical workspace, culture, management style.
External Influences
- Economic conditions: Market fluctuations impacting business.
- Competition: Pressure from other companies.
- Technological advancements: Adapting to new tools and strategies.
- Political factors: Laws and regulations affecting industry.
- Social factors: Changes in demographics or consumer behavior.
Handling Performance Issues
Discipline
- Definition: Addressing undesirable behavior to improve performance.
Guidelines for Rules and Policies
- Clear and concise: Easy to understand by everyone.
- Consistent application: Applied fairly to all employees.
- Reasonable and job-related: Relevant to expected performance.
- Communicated effectively: Employees should know what is expected.
- Documented: Provides evidence for disciplinary actions.
Performance Issue Model
- Identify: Recognize the problem and gather information.
- Investigate: Understand the root cause.
- Communicate: Inform the employee of the issue.
- Document: Create a record of the conversation.
- Develop a plan: Set goals and discuss improvement strategies.
Performance Evaluation System
- Definition: Systematic method assessing employee performance.
Performance Appraisal Interview Styles
- Tell-and-Sell: Manager provides feedback and tries to persuade the employee to accept it.
- Tell-and-Listen: Manager provides feedback and listens to the employee's perspective.
- Problem Solving: Manager and employee work together to identify solutions.
Best Practices in Performance Appraisals
- Clear expectations: Establish measurable and achievable goals.
- Regular feedback: Provide regular feedback and opportunities for improvement.
- Focus on development: Emphasize coaching and development opportunities.
- Fairness and objectivity: Avoid personal biases and use objective criteria.
- Two-way communication: Encourage open dialogue and active involvement.
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Description
Explore fundamental concepts of ethics and values, including different models of ethical decision making. This quiz covers philosophical approaches like utilitarianism and deontology, as well as the Josephson Institute's model. Test your understanding and application of these essential ethical frameworks.
