Ethics and Morality Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the fundamental purpose of rules within society?

  • To restrict individual freedom and enforce control.
  • To promote order and harmony among individuals. (correct)
  • To ensure fairness and equality in the distribution of resources.
  • To establish a system of consequences for breaking societal norms.

What analogy is used in the text to illustrate the ideal state of self-governance?

  • The absence of a need for external rules or laws. (correct)
  • The functioning of a well-oiled machine.
  • The relationship between teacher and student.
  • The natural growth of a plant.

What is the significance of the Greek word "ethos" in the development of ethics?

  • It signifies the importance of tradition and custom in shaping moral behavior. (correct)
  • It establishes a connection between ethics and the natural world.
  • It highlights the role of reason and logic in ethical decision-making.
  • It emphasizes the subjective nature of moral values.

Which of the following is NOT a central focus of ethics as described in the text?

<p>Analyzing the impact of societal laws on individual morality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between ethics and morality?

<p>Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with moral standards and their implications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central message conveyed about the relationship between rules and freedom?

<p>Rules are necessary to guide individuals towards responsible and ethical behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the attainment of "moral maturity" have on an individual's relationship with rules?

<p>It enables individuals to intuitively discern what is right without needing external guidance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text emphasize about the nature of ethical standards?

<p>Ethical standards are objective and universally applicable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following is a consequence-based moral standard?

<p>An act that results in the general welfare (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a non-moral standard in the text?

<p>Treating others as human persons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of "natural law"?

<p>The law of God revealed through human reason (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core principle behind non-consequence moral standards?

<p>The intention behind an action determines its morality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of examples BEST illustrates the difference between moral and non-moral standards?

<p>Respect for humanity / Observe correct grammar when writing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, what does it mean for an action to be considered "non-moral"?

<p>The action is ethically neutral and doesn't fall under moral categories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor considered in establishing a non-consequence moral standard, according to the text?

<p>The potential consequences of an action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is the sociological term for non-moral standards or rules?

<p>Folkways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations best exemplifies a moral dilemma?

<p>A doctor has to choose between saving a mother or her unborn child during a complicated delivery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a moral dilemma and a false dilemma?

<p>A moral dilemma involves a conflict between two morally good options, while a false dilemma only involves a choice between one right and one wrong option. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral dilemmas, what does the principle of "lesser evil" suggest?

<p>Select the option that causes the least harm, even if it implies breaking a moral rule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST represents an example of a structural dilemma discussed in the text?

<p>A government's decision to prioritize funding for healthcare over education. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of overlapping responsibilities within an organization?

<p>Unclear roles and decision-making authority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a consequence standard and a not-only-consequence standard in terms of determining right and wrong?

<p>Consequence standards focus on the outcome of an action, while not-only-consequence standards consider other factors like duty or virtue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes moral standards from non-moral standards?

<p>Violation of a moral standard leads to feelings of guilt, while violation of a non-moral standard may lead to shame or embarrassment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate approach when faced with a moral dilemma?

<p>Apply the principle of &quot;lesser evil&quot; or &quot;greater good&quot; to determine the best course of action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an individual's moral dilemma differ from an organizational moral dilemma?

<p>Individual dilemmas are typically non-consequential while organizational dilemmas have wider ramifications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following moral standards are categorized as deontological? (Select all that apply)

<p>Situation ethics (A), Virtue ethics (B), Natural law (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the theistic perspective, what is the ultimate source of moral standards?

<p>Divine revelation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a moral dilemma arises from the clash between personal interests and organizational welfare, which level of dilemma is being presented?

<p>Organizational (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a key aspect of human dignity, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Freedom of speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the evolutionary concept argue about the origin of moral standards?

<p>Moral principles have evolved over time, possibly originating from primate behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best summarizes the theistic viewpoint on moral standards?

<p>Moral standards are derived from divine principles revealed by God to humanity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented by proponents of the evolutionary concept of moral standards?

<p>Moral standards have developed gradually through natural selection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the primary reason why humans can be held morally responsible for their actions?

<p>Humans have the capacity to choose between different actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of merely abiding by moral standards as described in the passage?

<p>It can lead to a superficial adherence to rules without true internalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between owning and merely abiding by moral standards?

<p>Owning moral standards involves personal conviction whereas merely abiding is driven by external pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author mean by the statement, “the law says so”?

<p>It is a phrase used to justify adherence to rules based on external authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the passage explain the difference between the moral behavior of humans and lower animals?

<p>Lower animals are guided by instinct, while humans have the freedom to make their own choices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between ethics and moral responsibility?

<p>Ethics provides theoretical guidance, while moral responsibility involves practical application. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author states that humans cannot be held morally responsible if they do not have free will. Which of the following statements best supports this argument?

<p>Without free will, actions are determined by factors beyond an individual's control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the passage?

<p>The importance of free will for moral responsibility and the consequences of merely adhering to external rules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of employees tailoring their roles based on personal preferences instead of system-wide goals?

<p>Conflicts and inefficiencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the dilemma of excessive autonomy in an organization?

<p>An individual struggling to meet targets due to a lack of support from colleagues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest as a benefit of decentralized decision-making?

<p>Faster and more effective responses to changing circumstances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques for resolving moral dilemmas involves considering alternative options?

<p>Identifying alternative solutions that address the dilemma completely. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to make moral choices?

<p>Moral choices reflect the ability to make independent decisions based on freedom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key message conveyed by the song "My Way" in relation to ethics?

<p>Individuals are free to make choices that reflect their own beliefs and values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text state that morality applies only to human beings?

<p>Animals lack the capacity for rational thought and self-awareness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dilemma discussed in the text as a challenge to effective workplace dynamics?

<p>Lack of clarity versus lack of creativity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Importance of Rules

Rules provide order and structure in society, reducing chaos.

Rules and Freedom

Rules help individuals grow in their ability to choose what is good.

Ideal State of Ethics

A state where individuals discern and choose right actions without needing rules.

Etymology of Ethics

The word 'ethics' comes from Greek 'ethos', meaning custom or character.

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Moral vs Non-Moral Standards

Ethics evaluates moral standards, determining rightness or wrongness in actions.

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Moral Philosophy

A branch of philosophy focusing on moral standards and human behavior.

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Moral Values

Beliefs about what is right and wrong, guiding actions and judgments.

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Moral Agents

Individuals responsible for their actions, accountable for moral decisions.

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Moral Standards

Norms determining right or wrong actions and good or bad character.

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Non-Moral Standards

Social rules or guidelines that are not based on moral judgments.

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Consequence Standards

Moral standards based on the outcomes or results of actions.

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Non-Consequence Standards

Moral standards based on natural law, good will, or duty.

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Natural Law

The moral law revealed through human reason, aligned with God's law.

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Folkways

Non-moral standards or social norms developed over time.

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Examples of Non-Moral Standards

Rules like manners, grammar, and fashion expectations that lack moral significance.

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Moral vs Non-Moral Actions

Moral actions involve ethical considerations; non-moral actions do not.

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Not-only-consequence Standard

Moral actions are determined by duty and circumstances, not just outcomes.

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Virtue Ethics

Focus on moral character and virtues rather than rules or consequences.

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Divine Origin of Morality

Moral standards believed to be derived from God.

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Evolutionary Concept

Moral standards observed to have evolved through human development.

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Moral Principle

Basic tenet of morality, such as 'Do good and avoid evil'.

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Lack of Clarity

When employees are unsure of their roles, they focus on personal preferences over organizational goals.

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Flexibility vs Strictness

Balancing between accommodating needs and adhering strictly to rules.

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Excessive Autonomy

A situation where too much independence leads to isolation and disconnection among team members.

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Excessive Interdependence

When too much coordination distracts individuals from their own work.

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Centralized Decision Making

A system where decisions are made by top management, potentially slowing response to changes.

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Decentralized Decision Making

A system where decision-makers are close to the situation, allowing rapid and effective responses.

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Resolving Moral Dilemmas

Techniques for addressing moral conflicts, such as identifying alternatives or choosing the greater good.

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Freedom and Moral Choice

The concept that moral choices require the freedom to make independent decisions.

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Moral Dilemma

A situation where two or more moral values conflict, necessitating a choice where at least one value is violated.

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False Dilemma

A situation where one has to choose between a right and a wrong, but feels pressured to do the wrong.

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Decision-making in Emergencies

In emergencies, moral laws may be set aside; decisions are based on judgment or principles like lesser evil.

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Individual Moral Dilemma

A personal situation where one faces conflicting moral choices leading to a deadlock.

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Organizational Dilemma

A conflict between personal interests and the welfare of an organization or group.

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Structural Dilemma

A conflict arising from the perspectives of different sectors or groups affected by a decision.

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Gaps in Responsibility

Occur when key roles are not clearly assigned, leading to unfulfilled tasks.

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Overlaps in Responsibility

Arise when roles are unclear, causing confusion and wasted effort due to duplicated tasks.

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Free Will

The ability to make choices without external constraints, crucial for moral responsibility.

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Moral Responsibility

The obligation to answer for one’s actions based on moral standards.

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Internalization of Moral Standards

The process of integrating moral standards into one's beliefs and values.

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Abiding vs Owning Standards

Merely abiding are rules followed under authority; owning are integrated beliefs.

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Legalistic Behavior

Following rules rigidly, without personal conviction or understanding.

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Choice and Consequences

Every choice leads to consequences we are responsible for if we have free will.

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Animals and Moral Accountability

Animals act on instinct, thus cannot be held morally responsible for their actions.

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Ethical Self-Affirmation

Coming to a personal conviction about moral standards through reflection and analysis.

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Study Notes

Ethics: Lesson 1 - Course Orientation and the Importance of Rules

  • Rules are crucial for social order, preventing chaos.
  • Rules aim to structure society and foster freedom by guiding individuals towards positive actions.
  • Following rules demonstrates maturity and wisdom, allowing people to understand what is right.
  • A mature society operates without needing strict rules as individuals inherently understand and follow what is appropriate.

Ethics: Lesson 2 - Moral and Non-Moral Standards

  • Ethics, derived from the Greek word "ethos" (custom), and morality, from the Latin equivalent, examine human behavior's rightness or wrongness.
  • Ethics explores moral standards, norms, values, and virtues, examining the morality of actions and agents' accountability.
  • "Moral" describes actions as ethically right or wrong, and people as ethically good or bad.
  • Moral standards provide frameworks for determining right and wrong actions and good character.
  • Examples of moral standards include not lying, stealing, cheating, or killing.
  • Moral standards can be categorized as consequence-based or non-consequence-based, with the former judging actions based on outcomes and the latter based on principles and intent.
  • Natural law refers to God's laws as revealed through natural reason.
  • Non-moral standards, such as social etiquette and good manners, are social guidelines.

Ethics: Lesson 3 - Moral Dilemmas

  • Moral dilemmas involve conflicting moral values or duties, requiring a decision-maker to choose between equally important options, inevitably violating at least one moral principle.
  • False dilemmas present choices between right and wrong, but a moral dilemma poses choices between two wrong alternatives.
  • Moral dilemmas necessitate considering which moral principles to prioritize.
  • Principles of lesser evil or greater good may guide problematic decisions in emergencies.

Ethics: Lesson 4 - The Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas

  • Individual dilemmas involve personal conflicts.
  • Organizational dilemmas challenge the needs of individuals within an organization against organizational needs.
  • Structural dilemmas involve societal conflicts or conflicts between various institutions.

Ethics: Lesson 5 - Freedom as Foundation for Moral Acts

  • Ethics, unlike natural behaviors regulated by instinct, applies solely to humans capable of choice and reason.
  • Freedom is essential for choosing morally as it enables personal responsibility.
  • Without freedom, choices cannot be considered moral or immoral as actions are predetermined.
  • Moral responsibility stems from personal choices, not external pressure.
  • Owning moral standards involves internalizing and understanding moral principles, rather than simply following them.

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