Ethical Thoughts Module 3
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Questions and Answers

What is the main idea behind the concept of 'ends in themselves'?

Humans are not mere objects to be used by others. They have intrinsic worth and should be treated with respect.

What is the main contribution of John Rawls to political philosophy?

His theory of justice as fairness.

What are the two principles of justice as fairness, according to John Rawls?

The Equal Liberty Principle and the Difference Principle.

What is the purpose of the 'veil of ignorance' in Rawls' thought experiment?

<p>To imagine yourself in a position where you have no knowledge of your own social position, race, gender, wealth, or talents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, what is the essence of natural law ethics?

<p>Human beings possess intrinsic values that govern their reasoning and behavior. The good must be done, and evil, avoided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary natural inclinations of human beings, as defined by St. Thomas Aquinas?

<p>Self-preservation, just dealings with others, and propagation of the species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main determinants of moral action according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

<p>The object, the circumstances, and the end or purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the double-effect principle state?

<p>A good effect is permissible even if it is a foreseen but unintended consequence of a bad effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of duties, according to Kant?

<p>Perfect and imperfect duties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of totality states that individuals have an absolute right to decide what happens to their own bodies, regardless of the potential consequences for their overall health.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a prima-facie duty, according to William David Ross?

<p>Duty of self-care</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a 'calling' in the context of healthcare?

<p>To drive individuals towards a particular profession in healthcare because it is seen as meaningful and fulfilling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an outpatient client and an inpatient client in healthcare?

<p>An outpatient client receives care in a clinic or facility and is not admitted overnight, while an inpatient client stays in the hospital to receive care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a healthcare professional?

<p>Lawyer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key principle that underpins the healthcare provider-client relationship?

<p>Therapeutic communication and collaboration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main competencies that are essential for healthcare providers to work effectively in chronic disease prevention and care?

<p>Adopting a client-centered approach and communication skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethical and professional standards in healthcare are not important as long as the healthcare provider is competent in their field.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key qualities that define a good healthcare provider to the client?

<p>Empathy and compassion, effective communication skills, and knowledge and competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Respecting patient autonomy always means that healthcare providers must follow the exact wishes of the patient, even if it goes against medical recommendations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the healthcare provider to the society?

<p>To ensure equitable access to healthcare and advocate for the health and well-being of the public at large.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an ethical practice that healthcare providers should adhere to?

<p>Focus solely on maximizing profits for their healthcare institution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key aspects of a good healthcare provider's contribution to the profession?

<p>Lifelong learning, collaboration with other healthcare professionals, and accountability for their actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for lifelong learning in healthcare?

<p>Increasing personal wealth and career advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 3: Ethical Thoughts

  • Immanuel Kant: Argues that actions are morally right if motivated by duty, applicable universally, and the maxim can be universalized. Humans are "ends in themselves," not merely means to an end.

  • John Rawls: A political philosopher known for his theory of justice as fairness. A just society allows for equal basic rights and cooperative action in an egalitarian economic system.

  • Categorical Imperative: A command or maxim, a universal rule for action without qualification, requiring actions motivated by duty.

  • Perfect Duties: Duties that must always be followed (e.g., honesty, keeping promises)

  • Imperfect Duties: Duties that should be followed but not always (e.g., benevolence, helping others)

  • Universalism: Kantian Ethics applies to all humans equally.

  • Human Value: Humans are considered moral agents, having worth in themselves.

  • Anti-Consequentialist: Morality of an action is determined by universal moral law, not consequences.

Theory of Justice

  • Equal Liberty Principle: Each person has an equal right to the most extensive system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberties for all.

  • Difference Principle: Social and economic inequalities can be permitted, only if these benefit the least advantaged members of society. These inequalities should be arranged to favor everyone and have equal opportunity.

St. Thomas Aquinas-Natural Law Ethics

  • Natural Law Ethics: Human beings possess intrinsic values that govern their reasoning and behavior.

  • Man's Threefold Natural Inclination: Self-preservation, just dealings with others, and propagation of species are considered natural inclinations guiding human actions.

Determinants of Moral Action

  • The Object: The will's primary intention of an action (e.g., a thing, and action).

  • Circumstances: Conditions surrounding the moral act, impacting morality. Seven circumstances identified by St. Thomas Aquinas: who, what, where, by what means, why, when, and the end or purpose.

Other Principles

  • Double Effect Principle: A good action with both good and bad effects can sometimes be justified, if harm is not directly caused, and the evil effect is not intended.

  • Principle of Totality: An individual can remove defective or worn-out body parts, if it's to benefit the whole body.

  • Principle of Stewardship: Humans have a responsibility and duty, in caring for their bodies, as they are mere stewards or caretakers of their bodies.

Module 4: The Calling of the Health Care Provider

  • Calling: A deep-seated sense of purpose in a profession, often seen as meaningful and fulfilling.

  • Healthcare Profession: Requires advanced studies and training in providing specialized healthcare services.

Module 5: The Qualities and Responsibilities of a Good Healthcare Provider

  • Healthcare Ethical and Professional Standards: Necessary for patient trust, safety, and quality care. Critical for patient well-being, confidentiality, professional integrity, accountability prevention of errors and effective communication, that enhances care system quality.

  • Client Relationship: Interactions, should be therapeutic (respect, effective communication, compassion).

  • Empathy and Compassion: Healthcare providers should understand patient's physical and emotional needs.

  • Effective Communication: Crucial in health care for interactions among healthcare professionals, patients and families. Procedures, diagnoses and treatment plans must be clearly explained to ensure understanding.

  • Knowledge and Competence: Informing decision-making and treatment plans, ensuring safety and improvements in health outcomes are ensured.

Module 5 cont.

  • Responsibilities to Clients: Providing safety and quality care, minimizing errors, implementing systems to reduce errors and encouraging staff to report errors, conducting quality improvement monitoring, personalizing care to respect autonomy, building trust and respecting choices.

  • Confidentiality: Respecting patient privacy is critical for patient trust.

Module 6 cont.

  • Accountability: Taking responsibility for actions, particularly when errors occur, correct them, and prevent them from happening again; encourage open communication about mistakes, participate in training, and follow rules for reporting mistakes.

  • Responsibilities to Society: Providing ethical care, promoting equitable access to care, advocating public health, upholding public health standards.

  • Ethical Standards adhere to legal and ethical principles, protecting wellbeing of patients and taking care of individuals fairly, regardless of background.

  • Lifelong Learning: Important for adapting to changing health needs, improving outcomes, improving personal growth.

  • Collaboration: Essential in healthcare for sharing knowledge, organizing workshops, developing new treatments.

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Description

This quiz delves into key concepts of ethical theories, highlighting the ideas of Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. Explore the principles of duty, the Categorical Imperative, and the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties. Test your understanding of universalism and the moral worth of individuals.

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