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Ethical Theories: Utilitarianism vs Kantianism
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Ethical Theories: Utilitarianism vs Kantianism

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following principles is NOT included in the Oath of Graduands in Dietetics?

  • Beneficence
  • Autonomy
  • Non-maleficence
  • Euthanasia (correct)

    • The Oath of Hippocrates includes a commitment to maintain the confidentiality of patient information.

    True

    What is one of the duties proclaimed by the graduates upon receiving their degree in Dietetics?

    Serve humanity through the promotion and maintenance of health and well-being.

    The Oath of Graduands in Dietetics emphasizes the importance of ______ and well-being.

    <p>health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements to the appropriate oath:

    <p>Autonomy and non-maleficence = Oath of Graduands in Dietetics Loyalty to the Profession of Medicine = Oath of Hippocrates Maintaining confidentiality = Oath of Graduands in Dietetics Respect for human life from conception = Oath of Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes doing no harm to patients?

    <p>Non-maleficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Oath of Graduands in Dietetics encourages graduates to conduct themselves dishonorably towards their colleagues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must graduates acknowledge according to their Oath?

    <p>Their limitations and the need to consult colleagues where appropriate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for requesting studies according to the Hippocratic Oath?

    <p>To produce better results for patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A doctor may experiment on patients without their consent if they believe it is in the patient's best interest.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a doctor do if they believe another doctor is more qualified to treat a patient?

    <p>Refer the patient to the other doctor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Doctors are encouraged to offer care to patients without regard to their ______.

    <p>sex, race, colour, creed or economic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following responsibilities with their descriptions:

    <p>Request studies = Based on reasonable probability of better results Refer patients = To more qualified doctors when necessary Care for patients = As one would want their own family to be treated Volunteer time = To support the poor and underserved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does communitarianism prioritize over individual needs?

    <p>Community needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a commitment in the Hippocratic Oath?

    <p>To maintain the oath and practice medicine respectfully</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ethics of care emphasizes individual autonomy over relationships.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of characteristic ethics?

    <p>Virtue based decision making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Doctors must commit to lifelong learning as stated in the Hippocratic Oath.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected of a doctor if they violate the Hippocratic Oath?

    <p>They may face consequences demanded by God and society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The philosophy of _____ is popular in Africa and emphasizes the importance of community relationships.

    <p>Ubuntu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ethical theories with their main characteristics:

    <p>Communitarianism = Community-based theory focusing on communal needs Ethics of Care = Emphasizes relationships and compassion Casuistry = Case-based analysis and decision-making Principlism = Moral reasoning based on four biomedical principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virtue emphasized in character ethics?

    <p>Wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Casuistry relies solely on theoretical principles for decision-making.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the four principles of biomedical ethics according to Beauchamp & Childress.

    <p>Autonomy, justice, beneficence, or non-maleficence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in ethical reasoning according to the guidelines?

    <p>Formulate the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gathering information involves collecting only clinical data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle should health care practitioners apply to consider how they would want to be treated?

    <p>The Golden Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second step in ethical reasoning involves gathering all relevant _______.

    <p>information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the steps of ethical reasoning with their descriptions:

    <p>Step 1 = Identify ethical dilemma Step 2 = Collect relevant information Step 3 = Consider alternative solutions Step 4 = Make a moral assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question should be asked in the moral assessment of each option?

    <p>What are the likely consequences of each option?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After making a decision, it is essential to evaluate it and be prepared to act differently in the future.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should practitioners do after considering the options?

    <p>Discuss proposed solution with those affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical theory views people primarily as a means to an end?

    <p>Utilitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kantianism is based on the outcomes of actions rather than their inherent moral worth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of utility in Utilitarianism?

    <p>The greatest good for the greatest number of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The South African Bill of Rights addresses both positive and negative __________.

    <p>rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the rights to their definitions:

    <p>Positive Rights = Obliges action such as healthcare and education Negative Rights = Permits inaction like freedom of speech and worship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Patients Rights Charter launched in November 1999 included how many rights?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Patients Rights Charter is a legally binding document.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of rights discussed under Liberal Individualism?

    <p>Positive rights and negative rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Utilitarianism

    • Consequence-based ethical theory determining actions as right or wrong based on outcomes.
    • Human beings viewed as means to an end, promoting overall happiness.
    • Principle of utility defines the greatest good or happiness for the largest number.

    Kantianism

    • Obligation-based ethical theory focused on correct actions, independent of potential consequences.
    • Actions hold intrinsic moral worth, irrespective of their outcomes.

    Liberal Individualism

    • Rights-based ethical framework addressing both positive and negative rights.
    • Positive rights encourage or require action (e.g., healthcare, education).
    • Negative rights promote or require abstention (e.g., freedom of speech, protection from harm).
    • Links obligations and rights are critical, exemplified by the Patients Rights Charter.

    South African Bill of Rights

    • Ensures access to healthcare and determinants like adequate water, social welfare, and education.
    • Foundational rights include life, equality, and dignity.

    Patients Rights Charter

    • Introduced in November 1999 comprising 12 rights and 10 responsibilities.
    • Not legally binding but outlines rights in healthcare settings.

    Government Initiatives: Batho Pele

    • "Batho Pele" translates to "People First" in Sesotho.
    • Focus on improving administrative service delivery through principles such as:
      • Consultation
      • Setting service standards
      • Increasing access
      • Ensuring courtesy
      • Providing information
      • Openness and transparency
      • Redress
      • Value for money

    Communitarianism

    • A community-centered ethical theory prioritizing communal needs over individual interests.
    • Emphasizes communal values and relationships, popularized through the philosophy of Ubuntu.

    Ethics of Care

    • Focuses on relational ethics, emphasizing care and compassion in interpersonal contexts.
    • Highlights the importance of well-being in patient-nurse relationships beyond just medical issues.

    Casuistry

    • A case-based ethical approach that analyzes real-life scenarios to derive general conclusions.
    • Decisions informed by historical cases rather than abstract principles.

    Character Ethics

    • Virtue-based ethics emphasizing the cultivation of virtuous habits.
    • The best decision is reached through deliberation on principles, focusing on character traits like:
      • Compassion
      • Trustworthiness
      • Integrity
      • Discernment

    Principlism

    • A moral argumentation framework established by Beauchamp & Childress.
    • Centers around four key biomedical ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice.

    Oath of Graduands in Dietetics (University of Stellenbosch)

    • Commitment to promote health, respect for individuals, confidentiality, knowledge maintenance, and ethical conduct within the profession.

    Hippocratic Oath

    • A solemn pledge by medical professionals to prioritize patient care and ethical practice.
    • Emphasizes loyalty to the profession, respect for human life, and commitment to continuous learning.

    Ethical Dilemmas Resolution

    • Four-step ethical reasoning process:
      • Formulate the problem by identifying the ethical issue.
      • Gather all relevant clinical, personal, and social information.
      • Consider possible options in light of ethical principles.
      • Make a moral assessment based on consequences, values, duties, and the Golden Rule.
    • Engage in discussions regarding the proposed solution and act sensitively considering the impacts on affected individuals, ready for future adaptations.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of Utilitarianism and Kantianism in this quiz. Understand how actions are evaluated based on outcomes in Utilitarianism, and the obligation-based approach of Kantian ethics. Test your knowledge on these significant ethical theories and their implications for human behavior.

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