Bioethics Midterms Reviewer PDF

BIOETHICS-NCM 108 MIDTERMS REVIEWER - DUCEJO, K.A.L. | BSN 2B ‘24-’25 Humans are ends in themselves, meaning that they are not to be used as mere objects by others. Module 3: ETH...

BIOETHICS-NCM 108 MIDTERMS REVIEWER - DUCEJO, K.A.L. | BSN 2B ‘24-’25 Humans are ends in themselves, meaning that they are not to be used as mere objects by others. Module 3: ETHICAL THOUGHTS JOHN RAWLS Immanuel Kant John Rawls (b. 1921, d. 2002) was an american "I Ought Never To Act Except In Such A Way That I political philosopher best known for his Could Also Will That My Maxim Should Become A contributions to moral and political philosophy, Universal Law." particularly through his works a theory of justice (1971) and political liberalism (1993). Immanuel Kant THEORY OF JUSTICE Kantian Ethics is a deontological ethical theory John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness describes developed by immanuel kant that is based on the a society of free citizens with equal basic rights who idea that actions are morally right if they are work together cooperatively in an egalitarian motivated by a sense of duty and can be applied economic system. universally. Categorical imperative THE ORIGINAL POSITION AND THE VEIL OF a command or maxim is a universal rule that IGNORANCE requires an action without qualification, ensuring it rawls suggests that you imagine yourself in an is performed from a sense of duty. original position behind a veil of ignorance TYPES OF DUTIES Perfect - One which we must always observe, 2 PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS irrespective of time and place. Imperfect Imperfect - One which we must observe only on THE EQUAL LIBERTY PRINCIPLE some occasions. It state that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic PRINCIPLES OF CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all UNIVERSALISM Kantian ethics applies to all humans, meaning that THE DIFFERENCE PRINCIPLE Everyone should be treated equally. Social and economic inequalities are permitted only if they benefit the least advantaged members of HUMAN VALUE society. Inequalities should be arranged so that Humans are valued and considered moral agents. they are to everyone's advantage and attached to positions open to all under conditions of fair ANTI CONSEQUENTIALIST equality of opportunity. Kantian ethics is anti-consequentialist because the morality of an action is determined by a ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- NATURAL LAW ETHICS universal moral law, not by the consequences of the action. Voice Of The Right Or Voice Of Conscience "the good must be done, and evil, avoided" ENDS IN THEMSELVES NATURAL LAW ETHICS DOUBLE-EFFECT PRINCIPLE theory in ethics and philosophy that says that the principle applies to a situation in which a good human beings possess intrinsic values that govern effect and an evil effect will result from a good their reasoning and behavior. cause. MAN’S THREEFOLD NATURAL INCLINATION PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY an individual has the right to cut off, mutilate or 1. Self-preservation- urges us to care for our remove any defective or worn out non-functioning health,not to kill ourselves or put ourselves in part of his body; to dispose of his organs or to danger. destroy their capacity to function "only insofar as 2. Just dealings with others- reason by nature the general well being of the whole body requires it. leads us to treat others with the same dignity and respect that we accord ourselves PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP 3. Propagation of our species – we are naturally declares that human life comes from god, and no inclined to perpetuate our species which is viewed individual is the master of his/her own Body. as a natural good humans are only mere stewards or caretakers,with the responsibility of protecting and cultivating spiritual and bodily functions DETERMINANTS OF MORAL ACTION WILLIAM DAVID ROSS- actual/prima-facie duties 1. The Object What the will intends directly and primarily is the WHAT IS DUTY? object of the moral act; it may be either a thing (for DUTY is a moral obligation to act, and depending example, money), or an action (such as surgical on the scenario, you may be required to act in a operation). specific way. 2. The Circumstances There are conditions which, when superadded to ACTUAL DUTY the nature of the moral act, will affect its morality, is one's real duty in a given situation---it is the they are called the circumstances. action one ought to choose from among many other actions. SEVEN CIRCUMSTANCES BY ST. THOMAS AQUINAS: PRIMA-FACIE DUTY 1. WHO is one that directs or commands what ought to 2. WHAT perform when other relevant factors are not taken 3. WHERE into account 4. BY WHAT MEANS In Latin, prima facie means "at first glance" 5. WHY 6. HOW PRIMA-FACIE DUTY 7. WHEN 1. Duty of fidelity 2. Duty of reparation 3. The End or Purpose 3. Duty of gratitude The end or purpose may be taken either as a 4. Duty of justice circumstance or as the end of the agent, for it is an 5. Duty of beneficence integral part of every moral act in either sense. 6. Duty of improvement 7. Duty of non- maleficence OTHER PRINCIPLES  DUTY OF FIDELITY DUTY OF NONMALEFICENCE We should be faithful to our duties, Duty to avoid inflicting evil, injury, or harm obligations, vows, or pledges; upon others as we would avoid doing so to this likewise refers to one’s loyalty to a ourselves---we ought to prevent evil or worthy cause, telling the truth as the harm, which encompasses pain, suffering, situation disability and death. demands it, keeping actual and implicit promises, and not representing fiction as Module 4: The Calling of the Health Care truth. Provider DUTY OF REPARATION WHAT IS CALLING? A duty to make amends for injury that we A deep-seated sense of purpose or mission that have inflicted on others. drives an individual towards a particular profession An act of making amends, righting the or career path, often one that is seen as particularly wrongs we have done to others. meaningful or fulfilling. Also known as the duty of compensation HEALTH CARE PROFESSION DUTY OF GRATITUDE An occupation requiring advanced, specialized and A duty to appreciate and recognize the systematic study and training in the knowledge of services others have done for us, which health care designed to provide services to society may be either a favor, kindness, good in that particular field fortune, a great help or saving one's life. HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL DUTY OF JUSTICE Person who has acquired an advanced, specialized Stress the proper distribution of social and systematic training and experience in the benefits and burdens. Not only should we knowledge of health care along with itS various enjoy social benefits with others, but we specific scientific specializations and techniques should also equally share with them the including those of medical doctors, nurses, burdens of social living. midwives, medical technologists and the like. DUTY OF BENEFICENCE THE CLIENT Enjoined us not only to bring about what is A person or persons who receive (Ss) a health care good for others but also to help them better service provided by a Facility, including persons their conditions with respect to virtue, receiving health care services at a location other intelligence, or Comfort. than the facility, including without limitation, at a Requires the provision of benefits and person's home balancing of benefits and harm for all people concerned in given circumstance Outpatient client A patient who visits a hospital, clinic, or related DUTY OF IMPROVEMENT facility for diagnosis or treatment but is not admitted A duty to improve and develop oneself with for the night respect to virtue, intelligence, and - Annual Physical Examination happiness. - X-ray It should go hand-in-hand with other duties, for unless one performs or carries out one's Inpatient Client duty to oneself, the fulfillment of one's other An in-patient is someone who stays In hospital duties would be less effective while they receive their treatment. - Serious illnesses or medical issues that require substantial monitoring. A. The ability to adopt a client- centered - Rehabilitation Services approach THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER B. Communication skills A health care provider is an individual or an associated with collaborating institution that provides preventive, curative, promotional or rehabilitative health care services in a systematic way to individuals, families or Module 5: The Qualities and Responsibilities communities. of a Good Healthcare Provider 1.PHYSICIANS (DOCTORS) How important are ethical and professional 2.NURSES standards in healthcare? 3.ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS 4.MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS Healthcare ethical and professional standards are 5. PHARMACISTS crucial for patient trust, safety, and quality care. 6.DENTIST They guide decisions, prioritize patient well-being, 7.MIDWIVES maintain confidentiality, and uphold professional 8.EMTs integrity. Adherence fosters accountability, prevents 9.PUBLIC HEALTH PROFESSIONALS errors, and promotes effective communication, enhancing healthcare system quality. THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER- CLIENT RELATIONSHIP The healthcare provider and client QUALITIES of a Good Healthcare Provider relationship to the CLIENT is the professional interaction between a healthcare professional (such as a doctor, nurse, therapist, or Empathy and Compassion other medical staff) and a patient or a client seeking One of the most important characteristics of care. healthcare professionals is treating patients with Since the HCP-client relationship is care and understanding their emotional and therapeutic, the interaction must also be physical needs. therapeutic. This interaction is processive in nature and character. It may develop even at a more Effective Communication Skills meaningful level transcending what is merely Working in health care means communicating with mechanical into commitment and accountability other health professionals, patients, and with love,trust, concern and care for each other. patients’ family members. And it includes clearly explaining procedures, diagnoses, and treatment The importance of the health care provider/client plans to ensure understanding and collaboration Relationship in promoting therapeutic outcomes is among all parties involved. well recognized, as is the need for health care providers to work with rather than on the client to Knowledge and Competence support self-management. Knowledge and competence are important qualities for a healthcare provider, as this ensures accurate Competencies for health care providers to enable diagnoses and effective treatments. These qualities them to work effectively in chronic disease help ensure informed decisions, promote patient prevention and care. safety, and improve health outcomes.  providers must honor these choices, even if Confidentiality they differ from medical recommendations, Respecting patient privacy and complying with as long as the patient is fully informed. HIPAA or similar laws helps foster trust between patients and healthcare providers. Cultural Sensitivity Awareness RESPONSIBILITIES to the CLIENT Being aware of one’s own cultural biases and how they may affect interactions with Providing Safety and Quality Care individuals from different backgrounds. Patient Safety Knowledge Gaining knowledge about various cultures, Minimizing Errors: Implementing systems to including their traditions, languages, and reduce medication errors, surgical mistakes, health beliefs. and infection rates. Reporting Mechanisms: Encouraging staff Respect to report near misses and adverse events Valuing and respecting the cultural beliefs without fear of retribution. and practices of others, even if they differ Quality Improvement from one’s own. This includes honoring Continuous Monitoring: Assessing patients’ preferences in treatment and care. processes and outcomes to identify areas for improvement. QUALITIES of a Good Healthcare Provider to Patient Feedback: Collecting and analyzing SOCIETY patient experiences to enhance care delivery. Public Health Advocacy Healthcare providers play a critical role in Respecting Autonomy advocating for the health and well-being of the public at large. Personalized care Each patient has unique values and Promotes preventive care experiences that influence their health Raises awareness about public health decisions. By respecting autonomy, issues healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans to align with these individual Integrity and Honesty preferences, leading to more effective and satisfactory care. Transparent communication Commitment to continuous improvement Trust Building Admitting limitations Respecting autonomy builds trust between healthcare providers and patients. When Equity and Fairness patients feel their choices are respected A good healthcare provider must treat all patients equitably, regardless of race, gender, Respecting Choices socioeconomic status, or other personal Ultimately, patients should have the final characteristics say in their treatment decisions. Healthcare  Equal access to care information and expertise. By working together, Cultural competence they can better address a patient's physical, Fair treatment without discrimination emotional, and social needs, leading to a more comprehensive treatment plan that improves overall patient care. RESPONSIBILITIES to the SOCIETY Leadership and Mentorship Ethical Practices Vision and Direction Healthcare providers must adhere to both legal and Leaders establish a clear vision for the team or ethical standards to ensure that they are treating all organization, aligning goals with patient care individuals fairly, regardless of background, standards and outcomes. economic status, or personal beliefs. Always get permission from patients before Support and Guidance any treatment, explaining what will happen Mentors offer emotional support and practical and the risks involved. advice, helping mentees navigate challenges and Report any dishonest or harmful actions you uncertainties in their careers. see in healthcare settings. Take part in training sessions about ethics Communication to stay updated on what is right and wrong Effective leaders promote open communication, in healthcare. ensuring that all team members feel heard and valued, which is vital for collaboration. Addressing Health Disparities Knowledge Sharing Healthcare providers should work toward ensuring Mentorship involves sharing expertise, providing equal access to healthcare, especially for resources, and facilitating learning opportunities to underserved populations. develop skills and confidence. RESPONSIBILITIES to the PROFESSION QUALITIES of a Good Healthcare Provider to the PROFESSION Adherence to Ethical Guidelines Healthcare professionals are required to follow Lifelong Learning strict ethical guidelines, such as the Hippocratic Lifelong learning is the continuous pursuit of Oath for doctors or the nursing code of ethics. This knowledge and skills for personal and professional includes respecting patient confidentiality, avoiding development. conflicts of interest, and always acting in the best interests of the patient. Why Lifelong Learning Matters 1. Adapting to change Contribution to Knowledge 2. Improving patient outcomes Providers should contribute to medical research 3. Personal growth and satisfaction and share their expertise with others. Work together on research projects that solve important health problems. Collaboration Help train new healthcare workers by Collaboration among healthcare professionals is sharing your knowledge and experiences. essential as it promotes the exchange of  Organize workshops to discuss new treatments and technologies with other providers. Accountability Healthcare providers must take full responsibility for their actions, particularly when mistakes occur. If a provider makes an error in diagnosis or treatment, they must report the mistake, correct it if possible, and take steps to prevent it from happening again. Encourage open discussions about mistakes within healthcare teams to learn from them. Join training programs that focus on how to keep patients safe and prevent errors. Follow rules for reporting mistakes to improve future care. Adapting to ChangeAdapt ing to Change