Ethical Decision Making in Pharmacy Practice
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of consequentialism in pharmacy ethics?

  • Evaluating the outcomes and consequences of a decision (correct)
  • Following rules and duty
  • Considering the character traits of the pharmacist
  • Prioritizing the well-being and needs of the patient

    • Which ethical principle is focused on following rules and duty?

  • Deontology (correct)
  • Utilitarianism
  • Consequentialism
  • Virtue-based ethics

    • What is the primary concern of utilitarianism in pharmacy ethics?

  • Following professional rules and guidelines
  • The well-being of the individual patient
  • The moral character of the pharmacist
  • The greatest benefit for the greatest number of people (correct)

    • Which ethical principle prioritizes the moral values and character traits of the pharmacist?

    <p>Virtue-based ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary question a pharmacist should ask themselves when considering consequentialism?

    <p>What will happen as a result of my action?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration of deontology in pharmacy ethics?

    <p>The duty to follow professional rules and guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical concept prioritizes the greater good, even if it means harming a smaller group?

    <p>Utilitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of consequentialism?

    <p>It is impossible to predict the outcome of actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central principle of deontology?

    <p>Rules should be followed consistently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with applying 200-year-old ethical concepts to modern society?

    <p>Society and technology have moved on, making them outdated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Beauchamp and Childress model?

    <p>To provide a framework for decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a true ethical dilemma and a procedural problem?

    <p>A true ethical dilemma involves a conflict between two or more ethical principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of virtue-based ethics?

    <p>It is potentially subjective and open to interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of ethical passivity and abdication?

    <p>Refusing to intervene in injustices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Wingfield and Badcott tool?

    <p>To gather relevant facts and prioritize values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using the Beauchamp and Childress model in decision making?

    <p>It is a tool for decision making, not a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a pharmacist's moral principles in virtue-based ethics?

    <p>Prioritizing the well-being and needs of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical concept considers the outcome of an action to determine its morality?

    <p>Consequentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration of a pharmacist when making a decision based on deontology?

    <p>Following the rules and duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical concept prioritizes the benefit to the majority, even if it means harming a smaller group?

    <p>Utilitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary question a pharmacist should ask themselves when considering deontology?

    <p>Is the action I'm going to take more morally correct if I'm following the rules set by the profession?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration of a pharmacist when making a decision based on utilitarianism?

    <p>The benefit to the majority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difficulty with using consequentialism in pharmacy ethics?

    <p>It is difficult to predict the outcome of a decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of using the Beauchamp and Childress model in pharmacy ethics?

    <p>It is not a tool for making decisions, but rather a framework for identifying principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with applying 200-year-old ethical concepts to modern society?

    <p>Society and technology have moved on, making them less relevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an ethical dilemma and a procedural problem?

    <p>An ethical dilemma involves a conflict between two or more ethical principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Wingfield and Badcott tool?

    <p>To generate options for solving a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristics of ethical passivity and abdication?

    <p>A failure to intervene in a situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using the Beauchamp and Childress model in pharmacy ethics?

    <p>It is a framework for identifying ethical principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of deontology?

    <p>Rules sometimes have exceptions, and the concept is reliant on consistent rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of virtue-based ethics?

    <p>The moral values and character traits of the pharmacist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between utilitarianism and deontology?

    <p>Utilitarianism prioritizes the greater good, even if it means harming a smaller group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration of a pharmacist when making a decision based on virtue-based ethics?

    <p>The well-being and needs of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical concept considers the morality of an action based on its outcome?

    <p>Consequentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What guides the decision-making process in deontology?

    <p>The rules set by the profession or law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of utilitarianism?

    <p>To create the greatest benefit for the majority of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical concept prioritizes the well-being and needs of the patient?

    <p>Virtue-based ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration of a pharmacist when making a decision based on consequentialism?

    <p>The outcome of the action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the 'greater good' argument?

    <p>To maximize the benefit to the majority, even if it means harming a smaller group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of using deontology?

    <p>It does not consider the circumstances and consequences of an action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration of a pharmacist when making a decision based on virtue-based ethics?

    <p>The moral values and character traits of the pharmacist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a true ethical dilemma and a procedural problem?

    <p>A true ethical dilemma involves a conflict between two or more ethical principles, while a procedural problem involves a conflict between professional standards and employer demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Wingfield and Badcott tool?

    <p>To prioritize and ascribe values to the interests of the involved parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of ethical passivity and abdication?

    <p>Failure to intervene and make a decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Beauchamp and Childress model?

    <p>To balance the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with using 200-year-old ethical concepts in modern society?

    <p>They are not applicable to modern society and have been misused in the past</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration of a pharmacist when making a decision based on consequentialism?

    <p>The consequences of the action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between consequentialism and deontology?

    <p>Consequentialism prioritizes the consequences of the action, while deontology prioritizes the benefit to the majority, even if it means harming a smaller group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Defining Ethics

    • Ethics are moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity
    • As a future Pharmacy Professional, what moral principles will govern your decision making and behavior?

    Considerations in Pharmacy Ethics

    • Consequentialism: The morality of a decision/action is entirely dependent on its outcomes or consequences
    • Questions to consider:
      • What will happen as a result of my action?
      • Does the action matter if the outcome is good for the patient?
    • Utilitarianism: The most moral outcome is that which creates the greatest benefit (similar to consequentialism and often used at societal level)
    • Questions to consider:
      • Will my actions benefit some at the expense of others?
      • Would taking action benefitting multiple people be more ‘morally right’?
    • Deontology: Duty or rules-based ethics, often dependent on the ‘duty’ people live their lives by
    • Questions to consider:
      • Is the action I’m going to take more morally correct if I’m following the rules set by the profession or even the law?
      • Is the action I’m going to take more morally correct if I’m following the rules set by the profession or even the law?
    • Virtue-based ethics: Moral values and character traits are the foundation of making morally sound decisions
    • Questions to consider:
      • Am I prioritizing the well-being and needs of the patient above all else?
      • Am I respecting the values of the patient?

    Problems with Ethical Concepts

    • Consequentialism: Do you know in advance what the outcome is going to be?
    • Utilitarianism: Despite identifying that everyone is equal, decisions can be unfair or lack justice
    • Deontology: Rules sometimes have exceptions, concept reliant on consistent rules; doesn’t consider circumstance or consequence
    • Virtue-based ethics: Potentially subjective and open to interpretation as not universally agreed

    UK COVID Response

    • Early stages: Stay home, protect the NHS, save lives, lockdown, which patients got a bed in ITU
    • Middle to later stages: Hands, face, space, eat out to help out, vaccine rollout NHS only, vaccine scheduling who was and wasn’t entitled, shielding

    Problems with Ethical Concepts: General

    • Most of these concepts are 200 years old or more
    • Society and technology have moved on
    • Ethical concepts have been misused in the 20th century to justify, minimize, or absolve actions that would be considered monstrous

    Biomedical Ethics (Beauchamp and Childress Model)

    • Most famous conception of biomedical ethics
    • Beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice
    • Used by the UN

    Dilemmas in Practice

    • Most problems in practice are not ethical dilemmas but procedural problems to be solved
    • Often they involve conflict between professional standards, employer demands, legislation, and the needs of the patient
    • True ethical dilemmas occur where there is a conflict between two or more ethical principles which are mutually exclusive
    • The majority of dilemmas whether they have an ethical component or not can be resolved through reviewing information and identifying the best outcome

    Dilemmas in Practice 2

    • When applying ethical concepts to a dilemma, you may identify different outcomes
    • Beauchamp and Childress is a tool, not a solution
    • Problems will be multifactorial, the problem, solutions, consequences, and outcomes for all involved need to be considered before identifying the most appropriate solution
    • GPhC Standards and guidance documents are derived from Beauchamp and Childress and are essential tools in making professional decisions

    Tools to Consider: Wingfield and Badcott

    • Gather the relevant facts: what laws apply, what standards apply
    • Prioritize and ascribe values: what are the interests of the involved parties?
    • Generate options: what can you do, what are the consequences?
    • Choose an option: what should you do, and can you justify it?

    Ethical Passivity and Ethical Abducation

    • Failure/refusal to intervene
    • Failure/refusal to make a choice
    • Avoiding moral responsibility
    • Apathy to issues of those involved
    • Not speaking out against injustices

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    Description

    Explore the moral principles that govern a pharmacy professional's decision making and behavior. Consider consequentialism and other ethical considerations in pharmacy practice. Apply ethical principles to real-world scenarios.

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