Ethical Considerations in Research
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Questions and Answers

Why is it important to consider the feelings of others in communication?

  • To facilitate faster decision-making.
  • To avoid causing distress to sensitive individuals. (correct)
  • To encourage more people to participate.
  • To ensure that everyone understands the information.

    • What was the outcome of the unethical research practices during World War II?

  • It led to the establishment of the Helsinki Declaration.
  • It caused a decline in trust towards medical professionals.
  • It resulted in the Nuremberg Code to guide medical research. (correct)
  • It prompted an increase in medical experiments on prisoners.

    • Which of the following factors might make individuals more prone to feeling disengaged during conversations?

  • Young age and good health.
  • Age or limited ability to comprehend. (correct)
  • Strong emotional resilience.
  • High levels of familiarity with the topic.

    • Which document was established in 1964 that serves as a reference for ethical medical research?

    <p>The Declaration of Helsinki</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence of not considering the emotions of others?

    <p>Increased likelihood of miscommunication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sensitive situations, how should one treat confidential information?

    <p>Keep it private and secure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant review occurred in 1982 concerning ethical research standards?

    <p>The Helsinki Declaration was reviewed by global medical organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the priority when communicating with individuals who may feel overwhelmed?

    <p>Understanding and empathizing with their feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the global guideline for research ethics on human subjects published?

    <p>1992</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the required characteristics of a scientific researcher according to the content?

    <p>Ethical standards alongside knowledge attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an additional requirement for conducting research on pregnant women and nursing mothers?

    <p>Inform both partners about the nature and components of the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT necessary when conducting research involving pregnant participants?

    <p>Providing free healthcare services during the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be emphasized when obtaining consent from couples for research involving pregnancy?

    <p>The potential side effects of the research on the mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is essential for the ethics of research involving pregnant women and nursing mothers?

    <p>Informed consent based on a thorough understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting research on htem, what is the primary goal regarding the couples involved?

    <p>To ensure understanding of research risks and benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental right of the volunteer regarding their identity in research?

    <p>They can request anonymity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when conducting research involving animals?

    <p>Expert advice should be sought before beginning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must individuals participating in a research study be informed about?

    <p>They must know about the type and phases of the research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for a person subject to research if they are not fully capable?

    <p>Permission from a guardian must be obtained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stated about the motivation behind participating in research?

    <p>Financial motivation is discouraged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prerequisite for conducting research involving pregnant women?

    <p>The research must pose no risk of complications to the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances is it permissible to conduct research on pregnant women?

    <p>When there is potential benefit to either the mother or the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers expect regarding participant withdrawal from a study?

    <p>Some participants might withdraw; thus, a larger initial group is beneficial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ethical requirement for conducting research on pregnant women or nursing mothers?

    <p>It is permissible to proceed if non-pregnant participants are available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding participant treatment in research is true?

    <p>Participants should be treated with respect since their time is valuable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to avoid when conducting research?

    <p>Plagiarizing ideas from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor should be considered when selecting a research topic?

    <p>Appropriateness to your experience and training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a scientific supervisor play in the research process?

    <p>They assist in selecting a suitable research topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In research, why is it important to credit sources?

    <p>To avoid plagiarism and intellectual theft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should researchers handle the inclusion of contributors in their work?

    <p>Include only those who have contributed to the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ethical Considerations in Research

    • Research is a systematic effort to understand a subject and uncover truths that benefit humanity.
    • Research ethics are crucial, as history shows the misuse of research subjects (e.g., WWII medical experiments).
    • The Nuremberg Code (1947) established ethical guidelines for human experimentation.
    • The Helsinki Declaration (1964), a medical ethics document, still serves as a benchmark for medical research.
    • The Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration were reviewed and amended in 1982 and then further revised in 1992, with global ethical guidelines for research on human subjects being established.
    • Researchers need both methodological and ethical expertise.

    Ethical Qualities of Researchers

    • Integrity: Research findings should be truthful. Researchers must be honest in their data representation; avoid altering or manipulating data.
    • Objectivity: Scientists must avoid bias. Results must be presented as observed; no fabrication or alteration..
    • Respect for persons: Research subjects must be treated with dignity and compassion. Their needs must come first when conducting research.
    • Confidentiality: Research participants' privacy should be protected. Subjects have the right to anonymity.
    • Avoiding Harm: The safety of research subjects is paramount. Researchers should take preventive steps to minimize risk to subjects and maintain their well-being.
    • Informed Consent: Research participants must understand the research protocol completely. Subjects must sign off that they completely understand, and explicitly agree to participate.
    • Voluntary Participation: Subjects' autonomy is critical; they can freely choose to participate or withdraw from a study at any time.
    • Transparency: Researchers should present their study methodology and findings openly and honestly.
    • Expertise: Researchers must have adequate training and experience to conduct the study successfully and responsibly.
    • Collaboration: Collaborative effort with other researchers to achieve quality results if needed.

    Vulnerable Populations

    • Protection of children: Research with children requires parental or guardian consent.
    • Protection of pregnant women & nursing mothers: Research protocols with this group must specifically address potential risks and benefits for both mother and child. Risk avoidance is paramount.
    • Persons with disabilities: Research on individuals with disabilities needs careful consideration of their needs and accommodations. Special measures must be taken to ensure voluntary participation.

    Research on Animals

    • Appropriate animal care is essential. Researchers need to demonstrate concern for animal welfare.

    Withdrawal from Research

    • Subjects have the right to withdraw from a study at any point without penalty.
    • Researchers should anticipate withdrawals or drop-outs and plan accordingly.

    Confidentiality

    • Confidentiality of research results and participants' data is vital.
    • Participants' privacy must be prioritized; results should not reveal subject identities.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental ethical guidelines that govern research practices, including critical documents like the Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration. Understand the importance of integrity and objectivity in scientific research. Assess your knowledge of best practices for ethical research conduct.

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